罗马法的

Under the Middle Ages scholar's influence,German scholars began to adopt systematic method and explained causa according to the sprit of that time.

到了德国法上，受中世纪学者的影响其开始以体系化的方法和符合时代精神的态度重新解释罗马法上的契约原因理论，形成了奥托·贝尔的无因债权理论和温德莎伊德的原因论。

Since that time on,two regulations have existed. The first one suggests that the plaintiff,as claimer,undertakes the burden of proofs,and the second one the defendant.

从古罗马法直到今天，实际上只有两条分配原则：一、原告作为主张的肯定者，负有举证责任，被告作为主张的否定者，不负举证责任；二、原告作为主张的肯定者，不负举证责任，被告作为主张的否定者，负有举证责任。

The differences between the Roman law at this epoch, when we obtain our last glimpse of the sacra, and the existing Hindoo system, are most instructive.

我们最后一次看到这家祭的时代的罗马法，和现存印度制度之间所存在的差别，是非常有益的。

On the basis of historical material, I try to provide an investigation to Maecenas\' political career and his patronage on literature.I adopt the method of analyzing material in the investigation to Maecenas.

在研究过程中，主要采用资料分析法，通过查阅历史资料和阅读评论文章，首先了解梅塞纳斯的生活时代及其生平活动，然后从他的生平活动中了解他对古罗马文学的赞助，并从他的政治生涯角度出发探究他赞助文学的目的。

Of their plentifulness in Moral Philosophy a rather different explanation must be given, inasmuch as ethical writings have laid Roman law under contribution much more directly than political speculations, and their authors have been much more conscious of the extent of their obligation.

它们也大量地存在"道德哲学"中，这可能有不同的解释，这是由于罗马法比政治理论受到伦理著作更直接的贡献，而这些伦理著作的著者也更加自觉到他们责任的范围。

In old Roman law, another step was absolutely required; it was necessary for the promisee, after the agreement had been made, to sum up all its terms in a solemn interrogation; and it was of this interrogation, of course, and of the assent to it, that proof had to be given at the trial —— not of the promise, which was not in itself binding.

在古罗马法中，另一个步骤是绝对需要的，即允约人在达到合意后必须把所有条件综合在一个庄严的问句中；并且，在审判时，必须提出的证据，就是这个问句以及对这问句的同意——而不是允约，允约本身是没有拘束力的。

Founded by Germany jurisprudential scholar Savigny, the theory of jus in rem action is one of the most attracting and most dispute??evoking theory in the real law.

德国法学家萨维尼在对罗马法言解读的基础上创立的物权行为及其无因性是物权法领域的最富争议同时又是最富注意力的理论之一。

In Roman law and German civil law, the conflicts in reconciliation system are between the contractual efficacy and the legislative intention of resolving disputes. In France civil law, they are between the contractual character and its having the unchangeableness of judgment and correspondingly having the direct enforcement powers.

在罗马法、德国民法上，表现为和解的契约效力与其纠纷解决的立法目的之间的矛盾；在法国民法上，则表现为和解的契约性质与其具有终审判决之既判力以及与此相应的直接强制执行力之间的矛盾。

The old Roman law established, for example, a fundamental difference between "Agnatic" and "Cognatic" relationship, that is, between the Family considered as based upon common subjection to patriarchal authority and the Family considered （in conformity with modern ideas） as united through the mere fact of a common descent.

例如，古罗马法规定在&宗亲&与&血亲&关系之间具有一种根本的区别，前者是指基于共同服从于同一家父权的&家族&，后者是指单单由于源自共同祖先的事实而结合起来的&家族&。

The whole field of ethical science was thus left at the exclusive command of the writers who followed Grotius; and it still exhibits in an extraordinary degree the traces of that entanglement with Roman law which is sometimes imputed as a fault, and sometimes the highest of its recommendations, to the Grotian theory Many inquirers since Grotius''s day have modified his principles, and many, of course, since the rise of the Critical Philosophy, have quite deserted them; but even those who have departed most widely from his fundamental assumptions have inherited much of his method of statement, of his train of thought, and of his mode of illustration; and these have little meaning and no point to the person ignorant of Roman jurisprudence.

这样一来，全部伦理学的领域便完全留归追随格罗修斯的著者们控制了；它在很大程度上仍表现出和罗马法纠缠在一起的迹象，这有时被认为是对格罗修斯理论的一种过失，但有时则被认为是对它的最高贡献。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。