罗马教皇

Eccl., II, xvii makes Pope Julius say, in reference to the Council of Antioch (341), that the law of the Church forbids "the churches to pass laws contrary to the judgement of the Bishop of Rome" and Sozomen likewise declares "it to be a holy law not to attribute any value to things done without the judgment of the Bishop of Rome".

传道书。第一，二，十七），使教皇朱利说，在参考向安理会提交的安提阿（ 341 ），该法的教会禁止"教会通过法律，相反的判决对罗马的主教"和sozomen的同样宣布"这是一个神圣的法律属性，不要任何价值的事情，没有判断罗马的主教"。

In order, however, that those who ought to attend so very useful a council may not be held back in any way from coming, we hereby grant and concede, with the approval of the said sacred council, to each and every one of those summoned to the council by the said Julius, our predecessor, or who ought to take part, by right or custom, in the meetings of general councils, especially those of the French nation, and to those schismatics and others who are coming to the said Lateran council by common or special right, on account of a declaration or apostolic letter of our predecessors or of the apostolic see (except, of course, those under prohibition), and to the attendants and associates of those who come, of whatever status, rank, condition or nobility they may be, ecclesiastical or secular, for themselves and all their belongings, a free, guaranteed and fully comprehensive safeconduct, for coming by land or sea through the states, territories and places that are subject to the said Roman church, to this Lateran council in Rome, and of residing in the city and freely exchanging views, and of leaving it as often as they wish, with complete, unrestricted and total security and with a true and unchallengeable papal guarantee, notwithstanding any impositions of ecclesiastical or secular censures and penalties which may have been promulgated in general against them, for whatever reasons, by law or by the aforesaid see, under any forms of words or clauses, and which they may in general have incurred.

为了然而，这些谁应该参加这样非常有用的一个委员会可能不会举行任何方式从今后，我们在此授予和承认，并核准说，神圣的理事会，每一个人传唤安理会的朱利叶斯说，我们的前任，或谁应该采取的一部分，由权利或习俗，在会议一般性理事会，尤其是法国的国家，以及那些schismatics和其他谁是未来的说拉特兰安理会通过共同或特殊的权利，考虑到申报或使徒信中我们的前辈或使徒见（当然，除非这些规定禁止），以及人员和同夥的人谁来，无论地位，职级，条件或贵族，他们可能会，教会或世俗的，为自己和所有财物，一个自由，保障和全面的safeconduct ，为今后的陆地或海上的国家，地区和地方，均受说，罗马教会，本拉特兰理事会在罗马，以及居住在城市和自由交换意见，并离开它往往是他们愿意，完全，不受限制和总的安全和真正的和不容挑战教皇的保证，尽管有任何强加的教会或世俗的谴责和惩罚，可能已经颁布了对他们的一般，不论原因，根据法律规定或上述看到，在任何形式的文字或条款，他们可能在一般性支出。

The Pope is the Bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church on Earth.

教皇指的是罗马主教，他是世界上所有罗马天主教教堂的领袖。

Controverting the third or Roman theory of origin, he lays some stress upon the fact that Pope St. Innocent I (416) in his letter to Decentius of Gubbio spoke of usages which Mgr Duchesne recognizes as Gallican (eg the position of the Diptychs and the Pax), as "foreign importations" and did not recognize in them the ancient usage of his own Church, and he thinks it hard to explain why the African Church should have accepted the Roman reforms, while St. Ambrose himself a Roman.

Controverting第三或罗马起源的理论，他规定了一些压力的事实，教皇圣无辜口（ 416 ）在他的信中，以Decentius的古比奥以惯例的主教杜申承认高卢圣（例如的立场和Diptychs协会），作为&外国进口&，并没有认识到他们古老的使用自己的教会，他认为这很难解释为什麼非洲教会应该已经接受了罗曼改革，而他张永森圣罗马。

It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions and still has close connections with the Roman Catholic Church, as each Good Friday the Pope leads a torchlit "Way of the Cross" procession around the various levels of the amphitheatre.

它是罗马最受欢迎的旅游景点之一，仍然和罗马天主教有着紧密联系，每个星期五教皇带领打着火炬的&耶稣赴难路&队伍在圆形大剧场四周平地上行走祈祷。

Michelangelo had become so famous because of his Pietà, the colossal statue of David at Florence, and the cartoon , that when in 1503 Alexander VI died and Julius II was elected Pope (at which time Buonarroti was about twenty-nine years old) Julius very graciously summoned him to Rome to build his tomb; and to meet the expenses of the journey he was paid a hundred crowns by the Pope's agent.

米开朗基罗由于他的圣母哀子图开始变得很著名，大卫的巨大雕像在佛罗伦萨，动画片，当1503年亚历山大六世过逝和朱利叶斯二代被选举为教皇(那时波那洛提大约是二十九岁)朱利叶斯非常热情地邀请他到罗马修造他的陵墓；并且旅途中的他费用由教皇机构支付了一百个币。

In reaction to Wickliffe's open "defiance" of the Roman Catholic church and the Pope's authority, a Papal bull was issued against Oxford to impede him from teaching. It also noted that Wickliffe was to appear before a "hearing" which, unsurprisingly, charged him with heresy against the mother church. He did attend that hearing and was formally charged with heresy. The Catholic church was adamantly opposed to his teachings, especially when he attacked the Mass. He also rejected all ceremony and organization not mentioned in the Bible (which would have excluded almost everything the Romans Catholic church performed), as well as the heretical doctrines of transubstantiation and the clerical "power" of the priesthood. His views on doctrines were more and more closely matched with that of Augustine. Nevertheless, as a result of his political connections, Wickliffe was not arrested at this hearing.

作为对威克里夫公开反对罗马天主教会和教皇权威的反应，一道教喻被颁布，要求牛津大学禁止他教学，而且命令他面对一个听证，不奇怪，他被判为反对教会的异端，他参加了听证，并且被正式判为异端，天主教会坚决反对他的教导，特别是他反对弥撒的问题，他也拒绝所有圣经里没有提及的仪式和组织形式（这几乎包括所有罗马天主教会的仪式），还有比如&化质论&，和教士阶层的特权，他的观点，越来越接近奥古斯丁，尽管如此，由于他的政治关系，威克里夫在听证会期间没有被捕。

By killing his enemies, packing the college of cardinals, pushing his conquests as fast as possible, and buying the loyalty of the Roman gentry, he had hoped to make his position independent of the papacy, or at least to insure that the election of any future pope would be to his liking.

通过杀死他的敌人，包管红衣主教团，尽可能快地推动他的征服，而收买罗马贵族的忠心，使他可以从教皇的权势中独立出来，或者至少，能确保在未来选举出他中意的教皇。

Then came Pope Julius, and he found the Church great, since she had all Romagna, had eliminated the barons in Rome, and had annihilated those factions through the blows struck by Alexander; Julius found the path still open to a mode of accumulating money, never used before Alexander.

教皇朱利奥登位时，教会已今非昔比——教会的势力控制了整个罗马格纳，—消灭了罗马的贵族党羽，那些宗派势力在亚历山大的铁拳打击下已被连根拔掉。朱利奥还发现了在亚历山大之前从未有人使用过的敛财聚富的途径。

The so-called Meridian Hall, created to verify the accuracy of the calendar Pope Gregory XIII promulgated in 1582, is in the Vatican Secret Archives, which hold some 10m documents stored by the papacy over the past 1,200 years.

建造所谓的子午厅，是为核实1582年教皇格里高利十三世颁布历法的准确性，记在罗马教廷机密档案中，档案记载了过去1200多年由历任教皇保存的100多份文件内容。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。