缺陷

The quality of interior environment in nursing home residents will become one of the attention-getting subjects due to the gradual increase of aging populations This paper directs at the research of nursing home's interior environment factors in Tainan We use the standard of international practice to analyze the intrinsical data of environmental monitoring and establish the characteristics which from environmental physical reaction of nursing home The research items are air environments (PM10 CO CO2 formaldehyde TVOC) temperate environments and light environment (illumination average brightness daylight factor) etc There are the inductive conclusions of this research: 1 In basic medicine the clinical diagnosis means the theory and technique about physical examination with patients The definition of clinical diagnosis in architecture should be the diagnosis of building preserve and improve the feasible way to extend building's service life and assure the residents of the healthy quality of interior environment The object of clinical diagnosis in architecture is not only to ensure the use of structure and environment quality but also keep the structure and environment quality in sustainable; therefore creating an efficient system of preserving plan is needed 2 It is an accurate and technical circumstance which about improving remedying and reconstructing the problems of structure space This circumstance includes finding questions ensuring causation ascertaining ultimate strength evaluating environment quality estimating the necessary of restoration and implementing on a suitable way Furthermore when reconstructing and ameliorating the appearance of structure space it should be respected and the memories of it should be preserved 3 In clinical diagnosis of environment quality of space the question of physical environment and the deficiencies of structure must be separated The structure space of construction and the high quality of space should be inspected strictly then observed the crucial reason that can find out any invisible and hidden causes The diagnosis of construction is to observe the reason of destroyed structure The environmental diagnosis of indoor and outdoor is to find out the crucial reason that influences health 4 In order to decrease the iterant problems the construction and environment of space should be diagnosed However the destruction by natural strength and artificial using by human are important causes that can affect the service life of construction Searching the cause of disease just like curing the patient which includes inspection diagnosis cure and prevention We tested the thermal conductivity of siding material in this research and then found out the roof east vertical face and west vertical face have most radiant heat especially the construction of RC The characteristics of opaquely outer casing have relations with the thermal conductivity of wall to wiz the ability of heat insulation Therefore increasing the efficiency of heat insulation and decreasing the endoergic factor of insolation are very important to temperate environments

而随著国内老年人人口逐渐增加，逐渐迈向高龄化之同时，对於高龄者使用空间之室内环境品质相关议题之探讨，亦成为未来我们需加以关注之议题之一。主要为针对台南某安养中心室内环境因子进行检测调查工作，利用现场室内环境测定以取得有效的实测数据；再藉由汇整相关国际评估基准，并进行实测数据比对分析，建立老人安养中心对物理环境反应之特性。并以前期相关研究文献回顾与老人安养中心实测案例现场的实验，来了解不同空间物理环境特性之影响，并将结果回馈实际建筑及室内设计之用。调查工作项目包含：空气环境之PM10、CO、CO2、甲醛、TVOC；温热环境之室内温度、相对湿度、人体PMV、PPD；光环境之照度、均齐度、昼光率等因子调查。本研究结果可归纳以下几点结论： 1 所谓临床诊断医学乃相对於基础医学而言，是指实际与病人接触的医疗及护理行为中牵涉到的理论和技术；而建筑的临床诊断的定义应为建筑本体与室内外诊断、维护及改善所有可行的方式来延长建筑物的寿命，并确保人与室内环境空间品质的健康。建筑临床诊断目的为确保结构体与环境品质能继续使用，而能维持所需要的效能及承受能力。一个有效的维护计画体系是必须建立的 2 在建筑空间之问题改善、治疗与修复执行中，是一个精确与技术性的事项，其中包含找出问题、确定原因、评估结构应力强度、评估环境品质、评估修复与改善必要性、选择及执行一个适当的过程。其改善与修复也必须尊重建筑空间原有色彩与形貌，并保留原有记忆及文化。 3 在临床诊断中空间环境品质中，物理性环境问题与结构构件缺陷必须分别判断，诊断建筑空间之结构与空间舒适品质必须详细观察其症结性问题，才能发现任何隐藏及有潜伏性缺陷的原因。建筑本体诊断是观察出建筑本体之破坏原因，而是内外空间环境诊断目的在於的找出影响健康因素之症结性问题。 4 建筑本体与空间环境之预防评估目的为降低与抑制问题的再发生。然而，自然力的破坏与人为使用因素皆是影响建筑生命期之主要因素，找出病源问题就如同医生对病人的处理，包含了侦查、诊断、治疗以及预防。 5 本研究以外墙材料热传导率测试结果发现，屋面与东西向立面是承受辐射热最多的地方，尤以 RC 的建筑更甚，不透明部分的外壳能特性主要与壁体的热传透率即隔热能力有关，但是承受来自日射的吸热影响，因此增加隔热性能与降低日射吸热因子是对温热环境是非常重要的。

Firstly relied on the "Principal-Agent" theory, it will go through the microcosmic model analysis of corrupt behavior, including the avail analysis of "Defalcation corrupt behavior" and the equilibrium analysis of "Rent-seeking corrupt behavior", and then it will conclude some important factors which influence the corrupt behavior, such as the probability to be lighted, the salary of the officials, the degree and extent of the punishment and so on.Then it will go deep into the institutional analysis of the complicated corrupt phenomena. Relied on the institutional economics, this text will expound elaborate that during the compelling transformation of institutions, the structure of public power has an essential change. On the one hand, government has given up much public power; on the other hand, the cooperation mode between the government, the market and the society has not been perfected. So on account of the unbalance of public power structure, the disfigurement or blankness of the institutions was one of the vital institutional causes of the corruption.

首先以"委托——代理"理论为依托，对"贪污型腐败行为"和"寻租型腐败行为"进行微观的模型分析，通过对"贪污型腐败行为"的效用分析和"寻租型腐败行为"的均衡分析，推导出影响腐败行为的几个主要因素，如腐败的查处概率、政府官员的薪金、惩罚力度、个人的风险态度、租金的来源、市场主体的自主性、对行贿者的惩戒力度等等；接着对当前普遍而复杂的公共权力腐败现象进行深入的制度分析，运用制度经济学的理论，分析我国在强制性制度变迁过程中公共权力架构发生了本质的转变，政府在市场化的进程中一方面确实下放了很多公共权力，但另一方面市场和社会并没有充分发展起新的协作模式以弥补制度变迁过程中形成的制度缺陷或制度真空，因此，公共权力架构的失衡所形成的制度缺陷或制度空白成为了当前腐败蔓延的制度原因。

The character and distribution rule of CC round billet internal defect are analyzed and the relation between the defect and process parameters are found, which provide the reference for the billet quality improvement.

本文分析了包钢连铸圆坯内部缺陷的特征及分布规律，找出了内部缺陷与生产工艺参数之间的关系，为改善圆坯质量提供了依

The model gives the relation between defect size and MFL signals. It has the advantages of less factors, faster speed and convenient analysis and provides an important tool to MFL signal process and defect recognition and evaluation.

这个模型建立了缺陷尺寸与漏磁信号的关系，具有参数少，计算快，分析方便等优点，它为漏磁信号处理和缺陷的识别评估提供了重要工具。

The theory model and main technological parameters for semiconductor of ceramic material is studied, the semiconductor technology of oxygen defect through weak reduction is proposed, the BaTiO〓 semiconductor sample is prepared by means of doping and oxygen defect, the relation between the conductivity and color is inspected, a simple way to detect the semiconducting character of the sample is proposed.

探讨了陶瓷材料半导化理论模型及主要工艺参数，提出了弱还原氧缺陷半导化工艺模型，并分别用电价掺杂半导化和弱还原氧缺陷半导化两种工艺制备了BaTiO〓半导化样品，考察了样品颜色与电导的关系，提出了一种简易判断粉体样品半导化的方法。

After finding no defectives in the sample, the auditors provide a range of values that bracket the number of defective items that could credibly be in the inventory.

在发现样本中没有出现缺陷，审计人员提供的值范围，括号内的数字有缺陷的项目，可以可靠地在库存。

Chart -- A discrete control chart. Based on the binomial distribution, fraction defective, p, is the ratio of the number of defective items, x, in a sample of size n.

图 --一种基于二项式分布的计数值控制图，它反映的是有缺陷产品的比率。P就是样本容量为n时，有缺陷产品x的比率。

With increasing defect density, the number of defective cells would be increase. Adding spare rows or columns in memories to replace defective cells is a widely accepted method for yield enhancement.

随着缺陷密度的增加，在存储器中设计冗余行或冗余列替换有缺陷的存储器单元已成为提高存储器成品率的常用方法。

A component also is an opportunity for defects such as defective component, wrong value component and misaligned component.

元器件也有可能出现缺陷，如有缺陷的元器件、元器件标值错误和对准失误。

The solder removing device comprises the restoring chamber(37) used to store the liquid heating medium whose temperature is above the solder's melting point, the substrate conveying machine used to convey the defectively soldered substrate in and out the solder treating pond, and the brush(45) used to rub the surface of the defectively soldered substrate immerged in the heating medium in the solder treating pond and rub off the solders which are over heated by the heating medium.

焊料移除设备(31)包括用于存储温度高于焊料的熔点的液体形式的加热介质的修复腔室(37)、用于输送有缺陷地焊接的基片进出焊料处理池的基片运输机、和用于摩擦浸入焊料处理池内的加热介质的有缺陷地焊接的基片的表面由此擦去通过加热介质过度加热的焊料的刷子(45)。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。