编码

The Turbo-codes encoder is comprised of Recursive Systematic Convolutional Codes, which is connected by an interweaver. And the decoding algorithm of Turbo-codes, such as MAP, Max-log-MAP and SOVA, are all based on the soft input and soft output module.

传统的Turbo码山两个经交织器连接的分量码编码器级联而成，且Turbo码的译码采用了软输入软输出的算法思想和迭代译码的方法，使子译码器之间可以相互传递软信息，保证编码信息的充分利用。

In the scheme, the encoder consists of an outer encoder and an interweaver, serially concatenating with a transition function. At the decoder, a serial iterative structure is adopted to decode the codes.

该方案的编码器由外编码器，交织器和差分跳频转移函数串行级联组成，译码器采用串行迭代结构译码。

PfDNV genome organization is similar to Junonia coenia densovirus in that coding regions are evenly distributed in the 5'half of both strands.

PfDNV基因组正负链编码能力相当，开放阅读框均集中在每条链的5'端半长，并且存在编码基因重叠现象。

It is very important to set up a scientific appraising system for input method not only for justicial evaluation, but also for bringing out perfect Chinese charater input products.

建立科学的输入法评价体系，不仅可以指导编码发明者形成科学的汉字编码方案，而且可以帮助输入系统设计人员对输入法产品进行客观的自我评价，从而推出符合国家规范的更好的输入法产品。

Each encoder contains a lensed LED source, an integrated circuit with detectors and output circuitry, and a codewheel which rotates between the emitter and detector integrated circuit.

每个编码器包含一个透镜LED光源，一个探测器和集成电路输出电路和一个编码轮的发射器和检测器之间的旋转集成电路。

The coding step performs this task. If design is performed in a detailed manner, coding cane accomplished mechanistically.

编码阶段的任务就是做这样的工作，如果设计做得详细，编码就能由机器完成。

Two polymorphic loci, Aat-1 and Aat-2, and one monomorphic locus, Aat-3, were observed in C. hytivusparents and their progenies. At Aat-1, in C. sativus fast-migrating anodic band coded for Aat-1 (2), however, in C.

在Aat-1，新种父本表现为一条阳极快带，为等位基因Aat-1(2)所编码；新种母本则表现为一条阴极慢带，为等位基因Aat-1(1)所编码。

They all contain 13 protein coding gene,2 rRNA gene,22 tRNA gene and 1 D-Loop.The base composition for the four nucleotides is A-32.0%,C-27.6%,G-14.7%,T-25.8%,And it is A-32.5%,C-26.9%,G-14.1%,T-26.5%for Yellow-throated Marten.But there are some definite differences in base composition,the using of Initiation codon and Stop codon,and the mode of repeat sequences in control region.The codon usages of Manes have bias,and the ttiird locations of codon of protein-coding genes have the higher frequency in using A and C.There may be some relativity with the content of A and C in D-loop,namely,it has relation with the mode of repeat sequences.The complete mitochondrial genome of the Sable and Yellow-throated Marten were submitted to GenBank,and the accession number are FJ429093 and FJ719367 respectively.3、The complete mitochondrial genome of 6 other species of Mustelidae from GenBank and some sequences of D-loop from the 6 species were aligned.

分析紫貂大兴安岭亚种、长白山亚种、阿尔泰亚种和北欧亚种间的基因流及进化历史得知：大兴安岭种群与新疆种群和长白山种群间的基因流水平最高(Nm=0.1260和0.1427)，新疆与长白山种群间最低Nm=0.0053紫貂种群在进化过程中可能发生过种群膨胀，经历过种群增长过程。2、对紫貂和黄喉貂的线粒体全基因组结构进行分析发现：全长分别为16 523bp和16549bp，均包含13个蛋白质编码基因、2个rRNA基因、22个tRNA基因和1个非编码序列区(D-Loop区，紫貂全序列中碱基组成为A-32.0%，C-27.6%，G-14.7%，T-25.8%，黄喉貂为A-32.5%，C-26.9%，G-14.1%，T-26.5%；基因排列顺序与日本貂和貂熊的一致，但碱基组成、起始密码子和终止密码子的使用及控制区中串联重复序列模式等均存在一定差异。

Although methods for ealuating nonsynonymous coding SNPs are known, seeral other publicly aailable computational tools can be utilized to assess polymorphic ariants in noncoding regions.

评测编码区SNP的方法已经广为认知，这里介绍几种预测非编码区SNP的共享工具。

Comparative analyses show a fascinating picture of conservation and divergence, revealing large blocks of gene orthology with rodents, scattered regions with more recent gene family expansions and deletions, and segments of coding and non-coding conservation with the distant fish species Takifugu.

比较分析表现出一副保守和分化的有意思的图片，一方面染色体中展示了一大组与啮齿类动物同源的基因，还有更多新近基因家族扩张和缺失的散步区域以及和进化上遥远的鱼类东方鲀具有的编码和非编码的保守片断。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。