维管组织

Hydrophytes show certain adaptations to such habitats, notably development of aerenchyma, reduction of cuticle, root system, and mechanical and vascular tissues, and divided leaves.

水生植物表现出适应水生的特性：具有发达的通气组织；表皮、根系、机械组织、维管组织退化；叶片分裂；叶片、根和茎中均具有通气道或气腔。

F. bidentis leaf was of isobilateral type, and had thicker epidermis cell wall and cuticle, obvious cryptopores, and highly developed palisade tissue, with typical C4-plant Kranz anatomy. The collenchymas and vascular tissue in stem and the aerenchyma in root were well developed. Secretory structure was found in all vegetative organs. According to the analyses of soil physical and chemical properties and relevant ecological factors, F.

结果表明：黄顶菊叶片表皮具较厚的角质层、下陷气孔，叶片为等面叶、全栅型，叶肉细胞环绕维管束鞘细胞紧密排列，是典型C4植物的Kranz花环结构；茎中厚角组织和维管组织发达，根中还存在通气组织；根、茎、叶中均存在分泌结构。

The content of soluble protein rapidly increased with the embryo development after pollination for 16 days, while BiP markedly increased from 22nd day after pollination. The BiP failed to respond to heat shock. Immunohistochemical localization showed that BiP localized in plumule, primary vascular tissue and aleurone layer during embryo development.

组织化学免疫定位表明，在玉米胚发育的不同时期，BiP主要定位在胚芽端、初生维管组织和糊粉层中，提示胚在构建器官的同时，也为其功能执行准备了条件；热激不影响其定位。

Unlike collenchyma, it is not very extensible and is thus not formed in quantity until after the young tissues have fully differentiated.

厚壁组织常与维管组织间发生联系。

The Cork was consisted of five or six layer long cells. The secondary phloem occupied 46% of the diameter of root, and the parenchymas cell was abundant of the inclusions. The secondary xylem consisted of vessel, xylary radial ,and a little of xylary parenchyma cells. Some segment of hypha, swelled hypha, pelotons and conidiophore were colonied in cork and secondary phloem.

周皮由木栓层，木栓形成层和栓内层组成，其中木栓层由5～6 列长形细胞组成；维管组织中次生韧皮部所占根径的比例达46%，其薄壁细胞中内含物较丰富，次生木质部中分布有导管和木射线及少量木薄壁组织；在格木木栓层和次生韧皮部中分布有菌丝片段、膨大的菌丝和菌丝团及分生孢子。

Primary vascular tissue, which is found in all vascular plants, is formed from the procambium.

初生维管组织由原形成层发育而来，在所有维管植物中都有存在。

Histological and cellular research on rachis of healthy and inoculated spikes of the mutants at the different stages showed that, structure and developed tendency of cortical sclerenchyma tissue and green tissue and fibrovascular tissue in the rachis were alike between the mutants and their donors at anthesis stage, which also showed no apparent difference in the inoculated spikes'rachis between the mutants and their donors, major difference was that the mutants had less hyphae number than their donors.

对抗赤霉突变体的健康穗及接种穗的穗轴细胞组织学研究结果显示，抗性突变体与其感病亲本的花期健康穗轴在皮层厚壁组织、绿色组织及维管组织结构上基本一致，不同发育时间的变化趋势也一致；接种处理后，抗性突变体与其感病亲本的穗轴组织在各方面的变化趋势相一致，变化量也无明显差异。

Effect of protein and lipid in rice on starch physicochemical characteristics, difference between the region of non-chalkiness and chalkiness of rice, dynamic variation of cell structure and CaM distribution on rice spike were expounded in this study. It was found that protein and lipid in rice had important effect on starch gelatinization, there were distinct differences between the region of non-chalkiness and chalkiness of rice, vascular bundle system in rice spike was changed during grain filling, difference quality of different position of rice spike was more distinct in dense spike rice for more powerful vascular bundle system, the development of rice seeds was corresponded to pericarp development, difference quality of different position of rice spike was also related to transport function of rachilla besides activity of "source", and calmodulin relative activity was closely related to grain filling velocity and enginery properties.

通过实验发现：稻米中蛋白质、脂肪对淀粉的糊化过程有着较大的影响；精米的非垩白与垩白部位以及心白与腹白部位之间在蛋白质、氨基酸含量及组成方面存在着明显差异：水稻穗部大维管束面积以及主穗轴维管束数目在灌浆过程中存在明显的动态变化趋势；密穗型水稻强势粒的维管组织比散穗型水稻发达，致使其强、弱势粒维管组织差异明显加大；果皮的发育与籽粒发育状况是相适应的：强势粒和弱势粒在灌浆生理方面的差异，不仅表现在籽粒本身的&库活性&上，而且也与其着生小穗轴的输导功能有关；CaM相对活性与水稻灌浆速率、机能特征间存在着密切联系。

The root system in the cortex of the host stem has a few branches and highly simplified stele of original triarch vascular bundles. The haustrium root system, which is from the root system in the cortex of a host stem enters the vascular tissues as finger-like body from the vascular rays and then to become hyphae-like body among the vascular cells.

皮层根有少数分枝，无次生结构，中柱结构高度简化，从胚根的结构可看出其初生木质部原先是三原型的；吸器根从皮层根上发生，进入寄主维管射线中，再进入维管组织内，并形成许多丝状体。

These were raised underinducing condition to test if any morphology and structure changes. Twenty two Arabidopsismutants had various changes in morphology and anatomical structures. Twenty mutants hadlow germination rate from 10% to 60%, of which 2 had survival rates at 0% and 50%. Fivemutants occurred structure changes in the hypocotyls or stem. One of these lines, namedarris-stem, showed some unique changes: slower growth rate in comparison with the wildtype from germination to florescence; serrated margin of leaf blades, spiral rosette; morebranch in the bottom part of the stem, shorter nodes, twisted stem and branch. There were oneor several arrises along the stem. Across sections of the arrises showed one or several compactcells lumps which were round, made up of several layers of cells, looked like vascular-bundle.

在诱导条件下，这些突变体表现出不同的形态和结构的变化，共有22个表型和结构发生变化。20个突变系发芽率或存活率较低，发芽率由10％—60％，其中2个突变系存活率分别为0％和50％。5个突变系在茎或下胚轴的结构上发生变化，其中一个突变系arris-stem发生如下表型变化：从真叶出现至开花结实的整个生长期，生长速度要明显比野生型拟南芥缓慢；叶缘有明显锯齿，莲座叶呈螺旋状排列；茎的基部有较多侧枝，侧枝间距明显缩短，茎有明显扭曲；突变体茎侧面有1至数条棱形突起，内部存在一至数个排列紧密的细胞团，由多层细胞呈环形排列，细胞壁明显加厚，内部存在管状分子，推测为维管组织。

I can not make it blossom and suits me

我不能让树为我开花

When temperatures are above approximately 80 °C discolouration of the raceways or rolling elements is a frequent feature.

当温度高于 80 °C 左右时，滚道或滚动元件褪色是很常见的特征。