统治者的

Th easy answer is to blame incompetent or impotent sultans.As the Turks used to say,"Balik basdan kokar"("the fish stinks from the head"). The Reforming Sultans and Vizirs There is,as usual in such popular accounts,a germ of truth in all this.Conditions were getting worse.No one denies the insanity of Sultan Ibrhim (r.1640-1648),who had his 280 concubines tied up in sacks and drowned in Bosporus.MustafaⅡ（r.1695-1703）was wrong to insist on leading his troops into battle.His catastrophic defeat at the hands of Prince Eugen of Savoy,the military genius of the age,cost the Ottomans an army,the province of Hungary,and their military prestige.Drinking problems and harem intrigues afflicted the later sultans far more than they had the first ten. In addition,there were menbers of the ruling class who milked the Ottoman system to enrich themselves while failing to perform their duties.

奥斯曼无力改变的关系，我们可以追踪中东和西方的一连串事件日期：1683年土耳其人未能karlowitz条约，割让匈牙利帝国；他们于1699年签署的一项条约karlowitz割让匈牙利的哈布斯堡王朝和爱琴海沿岸的venetians；他们在1718年签署的欧洲以外更多土地； 1774年俄罗斯获准与他们失去了克里米亚代表正统基督教的科目； 1798年拿破仑占领和侵略palestine.meanwhile埃及和其他穆斯林王朝，如帖木儿王朝印度，以及其继承人safavids伊朗、摩洛哥sharifian统治者，也可能转弱前安装十八世纪土耳其人europe.but最接近者的新权力，传统上作为战斗ghazis为伊斯兰教主张失去其最lands.my板如果欧洲人对重点何故被奥斯曼帝国。

But one of the secrets of Ottoman longevity was that the system went on producing capable sultans and vizirs who saw the corruption and introduced reforms.Among the reforming sultans were OssmanⅡ(r.1618-1622),whose attempt to form a new Turkish militia led to his being killed by the janissaries;MuradvⅣ(r.1623-1640),a powerful wrestler and champion archer who executed 25,000 rebellious subjects within a single year;MahmudⅠ(r.1730-1754),the first to bring in Europeans to teach new fighting techniques;and Selim Ⅲ(r.1789-1807),who introduced a comprehensive reform scheme,the Nizam-i-Jedid,which I will cover in the next chapter.

有些症状会造成一些热门史你相信奥斯曼帝国的统治者关心什么的fate.enchanted的魅力的怨妇，压抑的葡萄酒或大麻，处处受制于派系法院janissary叛乱或吵架，苏丹失去政权或保卫自己的利益，在维护自己lands.by同样，巧取豪夺vizirs试图保住了苏丹的途中，为了赚取买system.bureaucrats腐败的办公室及下属岗位他人出售，而每个贫困农民和工人挖出权力税费。

Further, whoever of those mentioned above think that, by influence or favour with secular princes of any rank, distinction or dignity, or with their advisers, associates, attendants or officials, or with the magistrates, rectors and lieutenants of cities, towns, universities or any secular institutions, or with other persons of either sex, ecclesiastical or secular, they can take steps towards a universal or particular peace between princes, rulers and christian peoples, and towards the campaign against the infidels, let them use strong encouragement and lead them on to this peace and the campaign.

此外，无论是谁的上述认为，通过影响或赞成与世俗君主的任何级别，区别或尊严，或与他们的顾问公司，联营公司，人员或官员，或与治安，校长和助手的城市，城镇，大学或任何世俗机构，或与其他人不分性别，宗教或世俗的，他们可以采取步骤普遍或特定之间的和平王子，统治者和基督教人民，以及对反对异教徒，让他们利用强大的鼓励和铅他们对这一和平和运动。

There are some Hanren coming under the empire's ruling at the beginning of Liao'establishment and most of them became slaves who belong to Ch'i-tan royalty and nobilities. By relying on the special relationship of the Ch'i-tan royalty and nobilities, upper-layered Hanren were treated as a part of the political group in Ch'i-tan nation. And they got trusts in politics, getting the same even beyond the common Ch'i-tan nobilities'social position.

于辽帝国草创之际入辽的汉人，多数都成为契丹皇室和高级贵族的私属，但其中的部分上层分子凭借着其与皇室和高级贵族的特殊关系，被辽初的统治者视为本族政治集团的有机构成部分，于是在政治上受到信任，取得了等同于甚至超越于一般契丹贵族的社会地位。

The sixty-second and last Abbot of Cteaux, Dom Franois Trouvé, having lost all hope of saving his monastery, begged Pius VI to transfer all his powers to Robert Schlecht, Abbot of Salsmansweiler, of the Congregation of Northern Germany, so that the remnants of the ancient corporation of Cteaux might still have a ruler.

第六十一届和去年的住持cteaux ， DOM的弗朗索瓦trouvé，失去了所有的希望，救了他的寺庙，乞求比约六，以转移他的所有权力，以罗伯特schlecht ，住持salsmansweiler ，会众的德国北部，使残余该古公司的cteaux仍可能有一个统治者。

Averaging fewer than twenty animals, the gorilla social group always is dominated by a silver-backed older male, and members of the group seem to like their benevolent dictator.

Dr。 Schaller说每一只大猩猩都很清楚自己在团体中的地位，因此在团体中很少有超出有然争吵以外的冲突，大猩猩的社会是在平均到二十种动物中由银背年长的雄性主宰的，而他的成员也似乎很喜欢他们仁慈的统治者。

They enjoyed the favour of sovereigns, who, having entire confidence in them, entrusted to them, like Frederick II, important delegations; or, like Alphonsus I of Portugal, placed their persons and kingdoms under the care and protection of Our Lady of Clairvaux; or again, like Frederick II, feeling themselves near the point of death, wished to die clothed in the Cistercian habit.

他们享受了赞成的统治者，如事先整他们的信任，委托给他们，像冯检二，重要的代表团，或像阿，我葡萄牙，置于其个人和演义的关怀下，并保护我们的夫人克莱尔沃；或再像冯检二，感觉自己近一点的死因，希望模具丰衣足食，在修道院中的习惯。

While the Sunnites recognize the right of election to the califate, the Shiites refuse to accept the historical facts, and recognize as legitimate rulers and successors to the prophet only his direct blood relations and descendants in the line of his daughter Fatima, the wife of Ali.

虽然逊尼派承认的权利，当选为califate ，什叶派穆斯林拒绝接受历史事实，并承认为合法的统治者和接班人的先知只有他的直接血缘关系和后代的路线他的女儿法蒂玛的妻子阿里。

Stand in the square in front of the cathedral Here, you are standing in the center of France All distances are measured from the front of Notre Dame Every road in France leads to her front door All French kings and leaders have journeyed here to commemorate important occasions and give thanks Notre Dame is the heart of Paris and the heart of France

站在教堂前面的广场。在这里，你即处于法国的正中心。所有的距离皆是以圣母院前门开始计算。法国的每一条路都通往它的前门。所有的法国国王或统治者都曾经旅游到此来纪念重要的节日或感恩。圣母院是巴黎的中心，也是法国的中心。

The chaos of petty rulers began to give way to the better ordered rule of a dozen or so greater lords, dukes, and what not, vassals of the new kings of France and Germany--and the German king being, since Otto I, the emperor, the Roman Emperor, either in lawful claim or by the accomplished fact of papal acceptance and coronation, the better day had arrived for Italy too.

混乱零用统治者开始让位於更好地排列规则的十几更大的礼物，大肠癌，什麼不是，奴仆的新国王，法国和德国-和德国国王正在，因为奥托一世皇帝，罗马皇帝，无论是在合法的索赔或既成事实的教皇接受和加冕，更好的一天已经抵达意大利的。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。