统治者

They also warned the baby's parents that Herod, the pro-Roman Jewish governor of Galilee, feared the baby could threaten his throne. Herod, they said, might try to harm the child.

还提醒婴儿的父母，加利利的前罗马犹太国统治者希律王可能企图加害于这孩子，因为希律王惟恐这孩子将来会威胁他的王位。

Beginning in Hungary, the retreat from communism picked up speed over the summer when the Poles won an overwhelming victory in free elections over their pro-Soviet rulers.

当波兰人在自由选举上大胜前苏联统治者，匈牙利变开始脱离共产主义，此后变得一发不可收拾。

Th easy answer is to blame incompetent or impotent sultans.As the Turks used to say,"Balik basdan kokar"("the fish stinks from the head"). The Reforming Sultans and Vizirs There is,as usual in such popular accounts,a germ of truth in all this.Conditions were getting worse.No one denies the insanity of Sultan Ibrhim (r.1640-1648),who had his 280 concubines tied up in sacks and drowned in Bosporus.MustafaⅡ（r.1695-1703）was wrong to insist on leading his troops into battle.His catastrophic defeat at the hands of Prince Eugen of Savoy,the military genius of the age,cost the Ottomans an army,the province of Hungary,and their military prestige.Drinking problems and harem intrigues afflicted the later sultans far more than they had the first ten. In addition,there were menbers of the ruling class who milked the Ottoman system to enrich themselves while failing to perform their duties.

奥斯曼无力改变的关系，我们可以追踪中东和西方的一连串事件日期：1683年土耳其人未能karlowitz条约，割让匈牙利帝国；他们于1699年签署的一项条约karlowitz割让匈牙利的哈布斯堡王朝和爱琴海沿岸的venetians；他们在1718年签署的欧洲以外更多土地； 1774年俄罗斯获准与他们失去了克里米亚代表正统基督教的科目； 1798年拿破仑占领和侵略palestine.meanwhile埃及和其他穆斯林王朝，如帖木儿王朝印度，以及其继承人safavids伊朗、摩洛哥sharifian统治者，也可能转弱前安装十八世纪土耳其人europe.but最接近者的新权力，传统上作为战斗ghazis为伊斯兰教主张失去其最lands.my板如果欧洲人对重点何故被奥斯曼帝国。

But one of the secrets of Ottoman longevity was that the system went on producing capable sultans and vizirs who saw the corruption and introduced reforms.Among the reforming sultans were OssmanⅡ(r.1618-1622),whose attempt to form a new Turkish militia led to his being killed by the janissaries;MuradvⅣ(r.1623-1640),a powerful wrestler and champion archer who executed 25,000 rebellious subjects within a single year;MahmudⅠ(r.1730-1754),the first to bring in Europeans to teach new fighting techniques;and Selim Ⅲ(r.1789-1807),who introduced a comprehensive reform scheme,the Nizam-i-Jedid,which I will cover in the next chapter.

有些症状会造成一些热门史你相信奥斯曼帝国的统治者关心什么的fate.enchanted的魅力的怨妇，压抑的葡萄酒或大麻，处处受制于派系法院janissary叛乱或吵架，苏丹失去政权或保卫自己的利益，在维护自己lands.by同样，巧取豪夺vizirs试图保住了苏丹的途中，为了赚取买system.bureaucrats腐败的办公室及下属岗位他人出售，而每个贫困农民和工人挖出权力税费。

The social system that developed in Europe in the 8th C; vassals were protected by ''.

18世纪在欧洲发展的社会制度；诸侯受统治者的保护并为其服兵役。

But these fortunate usurpers were not by any means absolute rulers

这种侥幸的篡夺者决不是绝对的统治者

The Komaki Campaign was the only time any of the great unifiers of Japan fought each other: Hideyoshi vs.

小牧之战是历代日本统治者唯一的正面对决：家康VS秀吉。

And the worst of these tyrants is habit.

而这些统治者中最厉害的就是习惯。

That way people will have no cause to fight, and tyrants no excuse to stir them up.

如此一来，人们没有战争的必要，统治者也失去了挑起战争的借口。

There are also Great Tuchuns-- the War Lords-- who control groups of Tuchuns.

此外，还有统领各路督军的大都督，他们是近代中国真正的统治者。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新