统治上的

In terms of the nature of the Malay regime and its ruling ideology, I divide the pre-independent history of Malaysia into three periods: Hinduization, Islamization, and colonization. To analyze the last two periods, I use a threefold framework: the state, intermediate religious institution, and local society. The focus is on the relationship between the institutionalization of Islamic tradition by the Malay sultan and the Britishcolonial regime and the formation of the Malay Islamic identity. I conclude that the process of Islamization paved the way for the Malay nationalist movement in the early 20th century.

故由此角度出发，全文依政权性质及统治意识型态为准，将前独立时代的马来西亚历史区分成三个阶段：印度教化时期，伊斯兰化时期，西方殖民时期；後两个阶段分别依从上至下的三个层面加以分析：国家，宗教次级团体，民间社会，以便研究马六甲苏丹政权与英国殖民政权的统治者如何以一套行政法制措施强化马来人之伊斯兰认同，直到二十世纪初，终至激发了马来统治菁英与知识份子所主导，以伊斯兰教做为文化认同基础之民族主义运动。

In theory, for social justice is important to individuals and society, the study of it can help cope with the social basic system construction, coordinate the relationship between social development and individual freedom; standardize the social system, purpose, principle and behavior of social domination; it can help balance dominating order, individual freedom and the indignity; it can help reflect and animadvert the individual ancl social relationship; it also can help reconstruct it under the basis of reality.

从理论上看，社会正义是关系个人与社会关系的重大问题，研究社会正义有利于正确处理社会基本制度的建构与国家社会发展目标及个人的自由与发展等目标的协调，有利于对社会制度、社会统治的目的、原则及其行为等进行规范，有利于在维护国家的统治秩序和个体的自由与尊严之间达成某种平衡，有利于对个人与社会关系进行理性反思与批判，有利于在现实基础上对社会正义进行重新建构。

In the economic aspect, the early state preserved rural commune, the tribute and corvee system, and the reassignment economy. In the political aspect, the early state preserved the fathership government, the hereditary rules, and the indirect domination. Feudalism and Slavishness were two prospects for early states.

本文还从马克思的亚细亚理论出发，从相关的历史材料中归纳出早期国家以下几个方面的特征：1在经济上，早期国家具有农村公社、贡赋与劳役制度、再分配经济等特征；2在政治上，早期国家具有父权制统治形式、世袭制政治制度、间接统治方式等特征；3早期国家的转型有两个基本的方向——封建制国家和奴隶制国家。

The text implies the existence of multiple Cathayan ruling dynasties, historically, explaining that at this period Cathay was ruled by the Wu dynasty.

这些记载暗示着历史上曾经存在过许多由震旦人统治的朝代，并说明了这段时期内震旦国是由吴朝统治的。

From about 550 to 630, the Khazars were ruled by the K?k Turks. They gradually got away from the Western Turkish Empire after the middle of the 7th century and successfully established an independent country. In the early 8th centuries, the Khazars became a formidable political power through outward expansion activities, and finally established a hugeous empire in the southern Russian steppe on the foudation of the Western Turkish Empire's home land.

大约在550年至630年间，哈扎尔人仍处在西突厥帝国的统治之下。7世纪中期以后，他们逐渐摆脱西突厥帝国的统治，建立起自己独立的国家。8世纪初期，哈扎尔人在继承西突厥帝国故地的基础上，通过一系列的对外扩张活动，逐渐发展成为一股强大的政治力量，最终在南俄草原上建立起一个庞大的帝国。

The first documented mention of Hanover dates from the year 1150. Its charter as a city was confirmed in 1241, and in 1636 it was proclaimed the capital of the Welf dynasty.

公元1150年汉诺威首次出现在历史记载中，1241年获许建市，并于1636年宣布成为韦尔夫王朝的首都。1866年普鲁士王朝终结了汉诺威王朝的独立统治，而此前汉诺威国王同时统治英格兰王国的1714年至1837年间是汉诺威王朝历史上最为重要的时期。

The first doc-umented mention of Hanover dates from the year 1150. Its charter as a city was confirmed in 1241, and in 1636 it was proclaimed the capital of the Welf dynasty.

公元1150年汉诺威首次出现在历史记载中，1241年获许建市，并于1636年宣布成为韦尔夫王朝的首都。1866年普鲁士王朝终结了汉诺威王朝的独立统治，而此前汉诺威国王同时统治英格兰王国的1714年至1837年间是汉诺威王朝历史上最为重要的时期。

Monopoly in period of monopoly capitalism was different with business monopoly: monopoly ally dominate all of economic field, big capitalists collect mint capital, they control price and form the monopoly rein.

此时的垄断与曾经出现过的商业垄断不同之处在于：垄断资本主义时期的垄断联合统治着资本主义经济的一切领域，大资本家手里集中了巨额资本，在一定范围内操纵市场价格，在经济上形成了垄断统治的局面。

According to the Greek myth, the various levels came to be separated at a later stage, when Jupiter, Neptune and Pluto established their respective rulerships over the visible blue sky, the sea and the underworld controlling the soil and fertility of the material foundation of life on earth (thus Pluto's connection with Ceres and Persephone, goddesses of fertility).

根据古希腊神话，乌拉诺斯至高无上的权力在晚期被分割，木星、海王星和冥王星诸神均建立了自己的统治，他们统治的领域上至可见的蓝天，下至海洋和掌管土壤的地下世界，以及地球上生命的物质基础的繁衍（冥王星也被认为与谷物女神和冥后有关，象征繁殖的女神）。

In past history, before they won state power and for some time afterwards, the slave-owning class, the feudal landlord class and the bourgeoisie were vigorous, revolutionary and progressive; they were real tigers.

历史上奴隶主阶级、封建地主阶级和资产阶级，在它们取得统治权力以前和取得统治权力以后的一段时间内，它们是生气勃勃的，是革命者，是先进者，是真老虎。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。