绝缘体

At absolute zero, a pure semiconductor has all of its electrons tightly bound and acts as insulator.

在绝对零度时，纯半导体所有的电子都紧紧结合在一起，因而显示出绝缘体的性质。

At absolute zero, a pure semiconductor has all of its electrons tightly bound and acts as an insulator.

在绝对零度时，纯半导体所有电子都紧紧结合在一起，因而显示出绝缘体的性质。

In chapter I, we introduce the Jordan-Wigner transformation in detail, and illustrate its applications with three examples: the one-dimensional S = 1 XXZ model; the bilinear-biquadratic SU(2) invariant S = 1 chain; and the ionic Hubbard chain in the strong coupling limit. In chapter II, we review the S = 1/2 transverse Ising chain in detail.

在变换后发现隐藏在自旋为1的系统里自旋为1/2的SU(2)对称性及广义的U(1)规范对称性；(3)通过将推广的强耦合极限下的一维离子型Hubbard 模型变换为SU(3)反铁磁Heisenberg 模型，严格论证了离子型Hubbard 模型从能带绝缘体到莫特绝缘体的转变区域中自发二聚化绝缘体铁电性相即键序波相的存在。

It was found that the resistivity of the TiO2, thin films deposited on Ti and Ti substrates increased non-linearly with the increase of the thickness of the films and varied in the range from conductor or semiconductor to nonconductor, respectively. The conducting layer thickness of the films deposited on different substarte materials is different and the films deposited on glass are nonconductors.

结果表明，沈积在Ti和Si基底上的TiO2薄膜的电阻率随著膜厚的增加而非线性增大，分别经历了导体、半导体到绝缘体或半导体到绝缘体的电阻率范围的变化过程， TiO2薄膜导电层厚度也不相同，沈积在玻璃表面TiO2薄膜为绝缘体。

Nanomaterials have many new characterizes which different from the normal materials for their small size, big surface area ratio and quanta dimension domino effect, for examples, the metal with good conductor will be turned into nonmetal when the size is reduced tonanometer levels; the resistance of originally nonconductor will be descended greatly when its size is reduced several nanometers or so, and loss the nonconductor property; the general solid is steady under certain conditions, while under nanometer conditions, the capabilities will be effected greatly by the granule sizes, the newness characteristics made nanomaterials have great appliance foreground on catalyze, optics, and industry produce and so on, therefore the nanomaterials have been the hotspot for materials science, chemistry science and so on.

纳米材料由于尺寸小、比表面积大和量子尺寸效应使它具有不同于常规固体材料的新的特征，如原来是良导体的金属，当尺寸减小到纳米量级时就变成非金属型；原来是绝缘体的物质，当尺寸减小到几纳米或几十纳米时电阻大大下降，失去了绝缘体特性；常规固体在一定条件下物理性能是稳定的，在纳米状态下，颗粒尺寸对性能产生强烈的影响等等，这些新奇的特点使得纳米材料在催化、光学、工业生产等各个方面都有着广阔的应用前景，因此，纳米材料目前已经成为材料科学、物理学及化学等学科的前沿热点。1990年7月在美国巴尔基摩召开了国际第一届纳米科学技术会议，正式把纳米材料科学作为材料科学的一个新的分支公布于世。

Furthermore, it was found that, when the ferromagnetic phase fraction is above the percolative threshold, the metal-insulator transition temperature increases, the resistivity decreases, but no obvious changes appears in the magnetoresistance value with increasing the ferromagnetic phase fraction.

最后，我们研究了两相比例对金属—绝缘体转变温度和磁电阻效应的影响，发现在渗流阈值以上，增加铁磁相含量可以提高金属—绝缘体转变温度，降低系统的电阻率，但对磁电阻数值没有明显的影响。

Dependence of flashover voltage on several physical factors, that is applied voltage waveform, predischarge conditioning, geometry shape and length, geometry area, dielectric material, surface treatment, magnetic field effects and multilayer high gradient insulator technology, are expatiated.

文中系统总结了目前高压真空绝缘闪络特性的实验研究成果，具体阐述了几种典型实验模型及研究方法，以及几种重要物理因素，即绝缘材料介电常数、绝缘体几何形状及长度、施加电场波形、绝缘体表面处理、绝缘体几何面积、绝缘体预放电处理、磁场作用、多层高梯度绝缘技术等等，对真空绝缘闪络特性的影响。

Electrical insulators having high thermal conductivity must be used, but, since most electrical insulators don't conduct heat well, special insulators such as hard anodized aluminum, beryllium oxide, specially filled epoxy resins, sapphire, or diamond must be used to couple junctions to the heat sink.

必须使用高导热系数的绝缘体，因为大多数绝缘体都不能很好地传导热量，所以必须使用硬质阳极化铝、氧化铍、特别填充的环氧树脂、蓝宝石或者金刚石等类的特殊绝缘材料来实现与散热器的接触。

Steel towers,called pylons,serve to carry the insulators,with each conductor suspended from the bottom of a group or string of insulator units.

高电压，高线建设通常是用于悬挂式绝缘钢塔，要求塔，进行服务的绝缘体，每个售票员暂停底部的一组或一系列绝缘体单位。

For high voltages,overhead-line construction is generally used with suspension-type insulators.Steel towers,called pylons,serve to carry the insulators,with each conductor suspended from the bottom of a group or string of insulator units.

对于高电压、overhead-line普遍采用的建设与suspension-type绝缘体塔塔钢铁、服务、叫的绝缘体，每个导体停赛的底部或串绝缘子单位组。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。