绝经

Kanzawa pointed, the abdominal vertebra BMD of PTH gene individuals in BB genetype is obviously higher than those of Bb and bb genetype,so he considered that the BstBI polymorphism of PTH gene has dependability with BMD while the DraⅡpolymorphism of PTH gene has no dependablity with BMD.3 The polymorphism of estrogen receptor gene and postmenopausal osteoporosisPMOP is a metabolic bone disease existing in post-menopause femmes, as a result of these femmes\' hypofunction of ovary,ESG level drawdown and the disequilibrium of bone couple procedure,the bone resorption of osteoclast exceeds the bone formation of osteoblastic,osteopenia and bone fragility accrescence have developed,then induces fracture and so on.

Kanzawa等研究发现，BB型PTH基因人的腰椎BMD较Bb、bb型显著为高，认为PTH基因BstBⅠ多态性与BMD有相关性；但PTH基因DraⅡ多态性则与BMD无相关性。三雌激素受体基因多态性与绝经后骨质疏松绝经后骨质疏松是指绝经后妇女由于体内卵巢功能低下，雌激素水平低落，骨偶联过程失衡，破骨细胞的骨吸收大于成骨细胞的骨形成作用所导致的骨量减少，骨脆性增加，进而易于发生骨折的代谢性骨疾病。

In Japanese rural districts postmenopausal (6 months or longer since last mense) women were followed for 4 years in order to identify variables associated with bone loss and propose nursing prevention guidelines for osteoporosis which should be based on life-style characteristics.

为了检测妇女绝经后发生骨量减少的相关指标进而倡导依据生活方式的特点对绝经后妇女骨质疏松的发生采取相应的预防和护理方针，我们对日本乡村的绝经后妇女（末次月经后六个月或更长时间算起）进行了为期4a的随访。

Bone mass peak in multiparity and reduced risk of bone-fractures in menopause［J］.

绝经后妇女绝经年限、绝经及初潮年龄与骨密度关系的研究［J］。

Purpose: To investigate the effect of acupuncture combined with processing herb for the reproductive endocrine of postmenopausal osteoporosis and bone metabolism levels, and research the functional mechanism of the effect from the angle of hypothalamic- pituitary- ovarian axis、suprarenal axis and thyroid axis.

目的：观察针刺结合小剂量淫羊藿，治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的临床疗效，及其对绝经后生殖内分泌、骨代谢水平的影响，从下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴、肾上腺轴、甲状腺轴的角度探讨针药结合对绝经后骨质疏松症的作用环节。

Results: Breast pain: Thirty two women (60.4％) experienced cyclicpremenstrual mastalgia, lasting 4 days. Average serum 〓 level and serum progesteronelevel of women with cyclic breast pain in luteal phase were higher than that of womenwithout breast pain.

乳房胀疼者(41.3±45.9pg／ml)血清雌二醇水平明显高于无乳房胀疼者(18.5±20.6pg／ml)，P＜0.01.236名绝经后妇女中仍有12.5％(29／232)有乳房症状，其中75.9％(22／29)为绝经1-5年的绝经后妇女，乳房胀疼者(24.3±27.1pg／ml)与无乳房胀疼者(21.3±25.8pg／ml)的血清雌二醇没有显著差异，P＞0.05。

Thirty two point six percent (42/129) of menopausetransition women and 18.9％(60/318) of menopause women had breast structure changes,〓=9.26, P＜0.01. The frequency of breast structure changes decreased with decreasing ofserum of 〓 level and increasing of age. Four (4/29, 13.8％) in HRT group had breaststructure changes, which disappeared after discontinuing HRT or reducing the dose of HRTin 3 subjects. Conclusions: Most of normal menstrual women and menopause transitionwomen experienced Mastalgia; Mastalgia occurred in 89.7％ of subjects and lasted forabout 2 M. in the 1-year ccHRT; Image of breast ultrasound changed following menstrualcycle in normal menstrual women; Breast pain and breast structure change may be causedby higher 〓 and P level in luteal phase; The breast structure changes of HRT user weresimilar to that in normal women and were reversible.

大部分正常月经妇女和绝经过渡期妇女有周期性乳房胀疼，绝经后妇女应用17 β-雌二醇2mg加醋酸炔诺酮1mg连续联合治疗1年中大部分使用者有持续约两个月的乳房胀疼；乳腺体层厚度随体内雌孕激素水平的下降和年龄的增加而逐渐萎缩，绝经后妇女应用17 β-雌二醇2mg加醋酸炔诺酮1mg连续联合治疗1年后，对乳腺体层的厚度没有明显的影响；超声下乳腺结构改变主要受体内雌孕激素水平的影响，正常月经妇女中1／3的乳腺结构改变具有可逆性，绝经过渡期和绝经后妇女中有一半的乳腺结构改变的特征类似正常月经妇女具有可逆性的乳腺结构改变；绝经后妇女应用17 β-雌二醇2mg加醋酸炔诺酮1mg连续联合治疗1年后，少数使用者出现的乳腺结构改变可随药物剂量的调整或停药而恢复；对长期HRT使用者仍需加强乳腺的监测，长期HRT对乳腺的影响值得进一步研究。

Materials Methods: Beast ultrasound was performedduring luteal phase and late follicular phase in 50 women, aged 25～45, with normalmenstrual cycle and no distinct breast disease; Serum estradiol and progesteronelevel were measured by enzyme immunoassay on the day of ultrasound performed. Onehundred of twenty nine menopause transition women and 318 menopause women wereselected. All of them had ultrasound of breast and serum estradiol report. Breast pain wererecorded. Sixty menopausal women aged 56.8 yr. and menopausal aged 8.2 yr. participated1-year double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled and 2mg 17β-estradiol continuouscombined with 1mg norethindrone acetate clinical study. Mastalgia was diaried. Breaststructure changes tested by high-resolution ultrasound at the 0 and 12 M.

资料和方法：征集身体健康，没有明显乳腺疾病的正常月经妇女53名，分别在月经的晚卵泡期和黄体期进行超声检查和测血清雌二醇和孕酮水平；收集有HRT前乳腺超声检查和血清雌二醇水平结果的绝经过渡期妇女129名和绝经后妇女318名，记录既往乳腺胀疼、过渡期乳腺胀疼、绝经后乳腺胀疼和既往乳腺病史。17 β-雌二醇2mg加醋酸炔诺酮1mg连续联合治疗和安慰剂随机双盲平行对照临床研究1年的60名参加者，分别在用药前后各进行一次乳腺超声检查，乳腺症状按同一表格由病人日记及经培训的一名医生定期随诊记录乳腺胀疼出现、消失的日期及持续的天数；超声检查用同一方法测量乳腺腺体层厚度、导管宽度、乳腺腺体结构及血流。

Methods BMD of nondominant forearm, lumbar vertebrae (L2-4) and hip were measured by dual energy Xray absorptiometry in 45 female patients with RA (26 premenopausal, 19 postmenopausal) and in 45 healthy female subjects (24 premenopausal, 21 postmenopausal).

采用双能X线骨密度仪，测量45例女性RA患者（绝经前26例和绝经后19例）和45例正常女性（绝经前24例和绝经后21例）的前臂、腰椎2～4以及股骨颈、Ward区和大转子的BMD，并同时测定RA患者各临床及实验室指标。

Results The incidence of postcoital vaginal bleeding is lower in postmemoposal wemen than premenopausal wemen, the stages ,the incidences of pelvic lymph nodes metastasis, the results of the Pap smear cytology tests and HPV tests are not significantly different in two groups.

结果：绝经组与未绝经组比较，绝经组阴道接触性出血较未绝经组发生率低（P〈0.01），两组临床分期、淋巴结转移率、宫颈涂片细胞学检查阳性率及HPV检测阳性率无显著差异（P〉0.05），绝经组官颈腺癌发生率占5.2％，未绝经组占28.8％（65／226），两组中腺癌发生率差异显著（P〈0.01）。

Results: the incidence of postcoital vaginal bleeding was lower in postcoital wemen than that in remenopausal wemen, the stages, the incidences of pelvic lymph nodes metastasis, the results of the pap smear cytology tests and hpv tests were not significantly different in two groups. the incidence of cervical adeocarcinomai was lower in postmenopausal wemen than that in prmenoposal wemen. conclusion: the cervical cancer screening is necessary in postmenopausal wemen and they are helpful for preventing the development of cervical cancer.

结果 绝经组与未绝经组比较，绝经组阴道接触性出血较未绝经组发生率低（p＜0.01），两组临床分期、淋巴结转移率、宫颈涂片及细胞学检查阳性率差异无统计学意义（p＞0.05），绝经组宫颈腺癌发生率占4.2％，未绝经组占28.8%，两组中腺癌发生率差异有统计学意义（p＜0.01 结论绝经后妇女宫颈癌发病期别通常较晚，绝经后宫颈病变筛查是必要的，定期妇科检查、宫颈涂片细胞学检查可帮助绝经后妇女预防宫颈癌。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。