结石

This study suggests that some unusual sonographic findings, especially an area of ascites with incomplete mobile septations or particulate ascites, should be considered indicative of tuberculous peritonitis.

本研究认为当出现一些生僻超声表现，尤其是水臌内出现不完全的可活动的分隔或光点回声时应该考虑到结石性腹膜炎的可能。

With the improvement of endoscopic techniques, ERCP will be as important as surgery for the treatment of pancreatic duct stone.

随着内镜治疗技术的逐步成熟，ERCP将与外科手术一样成为胰管结石重要的治疗手段。

Pancreatic duct stones are the next most frequent cause of ductal obstruction in patients with chronic pancreatitis.

慢性胰腺炎患者胰管阻塞的另一个常见原因是胰管结石。

Methods The data of 24 patients with pancreatic duct stone treated in our hospital from January 1988 to June 2008 were analyzed retrospectively. Meanwhile, relevant literatures were reviewed.

回顾性总结分析1988年1月至2008年6月间我院收治的24例胰管结石患者的临床资料，并复习相关文献。

Results Operative come plications were bile duct injuries(11 cases),bile leakage (9 cases),stone residue (5 cases),bleeding (4 cases) and incisional infection(4 cases).

结果：并发症患者中胆总管部分或完全损伤11例，胆管或胆囊颈漏9例，胆总管残余结石5例，腹腔内出血和穿刺孔感染各4例。

Histologically, the seminiferous tubules contained numerous Sertoli cells and more Sertoli-spermatozoa complexes, accompanied by the depletion of Leydig cells with deeply stained nuclei. Mature spermatozoa were stored up in the epididymis, but only a few in the efferent ducts. In the second place was testicular atrophy（32/120; 26.7%）. The seminiferous tubules showed moderate to severe inactivity of spermiogenesis with evidence of only spermatogonia, spermatocytes and Sertoli cells. The Leydig cells were obviously decreased in numbers associated with decrease of lipid droplets in their cytoplasms. Testicular hypoplasia was the third disorders（22/120; 18.3%）. Only a few spermatogonia and Sertoli cells appeared without any spermiogenesis. The associated changes was decreased in Leydig cells and fibrous hyperplasia in the interstitium.Epididymal stones were sometimes found（12/120; 10%）. Grossly, yellowish-white nodules with various sizes and firm in consistency were observed in the epididymis and the front efferent ducts. Microscopically, the epididymal ducts were dilated with voluminous spermatozoa storage, even showed calcification in severe cases. The deposited calcium salts were stained positively by Von Kossa and Alizarin red methods.Amyloidosis was also detected in 10 roosters（8.3%）. Eosinophilic, homogeneous, amyloid-like substances were deposited mainly in the testicular interstitium and the periphery of blood vessels. These substances showed positive reaction by Congo red staining. Five roosters（4.2%）had Marek's lesions in the testis, epididymis and peripheral nerves with infiltration of pleomorphic lymphocytes. Only one case showed epithelial necrosis of seminiferous tubules accompanied by fibrous proliferation in the interstitium.

结果发现，在总共搜集的120个病例中，其中因年老所导致的产精力不佳为最多，占38例（31.7%），於镜下可见大量精虫黏附於Sertoli cell的表面，并可见Sertoli cell数量明显增多而Leydig cell明显减少，且其细胞核呈现浓染的现象，而在其副睪中仍可见到成熟精虫蓄留於管腔中，但在其输精管内却只有少量精虫存在；其次为睪丸萎缩，占32例（26.7%），镜下可见中度至重度无造精作用，其生精小管中只见到精母细胞、精原细胞及Sertoli cell存在，但Leydig cell数量明显减少且其细胞质内的脂质也明显减少；睪丸发育不全，占22例（18.3%），於生精小管内只见到精母细胞及少量Sertoli cell存在，不见造精细胞分化，於生精小管间质可见Leydig cell减少并伴随结缔组织增生；副睪结石，占12例（10%），肉眼下可在副睪及输精管前段见到黄白色大小不一的结节，触感坚硬，於镜下可见副睪管扩张并有大量成熟精虫蓄积，严重时可见钙化现象，以Von Kossa及茜素红染色均呈阳性反应；类淀粉沉著症，占10例（8.3%），镜下在睪丸间质及血管周围可见粉红均质样的物质沉积，以刚果红染色成阳性反应；马立克病，占5例（4.2%），镜下可在睪丸、副睪实质及周边神经内均可见到嗜碱性大小不一的淋巴样细胞浸润；睪丸坏死，占1例（0.8%），镜下可见生精小管上皮细胞坏死脱落及间质结缔组织增生。

Reddish (the pure red of ruby is extremely rare), blue and green are very rare; orange and violet, rare; strong yellow, yellowish-green brown and black stones are more common.

红色，是非常难得的蓝绿色；橙、紫、稀；强黄色、黄绿色、黑褐色结石现象比较普遍。

Note also that a yellowish-brown calculus formed in the bladder.

图示在膀胱内还可见一个呈黄褐色的结石。

Obstruction with stasis also led to the formation of the yellow-brown calculus.

伴有尿液郁积的阻塞还能导致黄褐色的结石形成。

Urine samples from the kidney pelvis were collected through percutaneous puncture of kidney or ureter tube for bacterial culture and drug sensitive test, the distribution and constitution of the pathogens and the drug resistance of the commonly use antibiotics were investigated.

连续选取212例上尿路结石合并非特异性感染患者，通过经皮肾穿刺或输尿管导管留取肾盂尿液，进行尿细菌培养和药物敏感试验，统计细菌种类及其耐药谱。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。