结构语言学

Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.

语音与语言研究中心主要致力于语言学的教学与研究，其研究领域包括理性知识描写，单一与多元语义学，语言体系的神经分化，正规体系中的概念结构，句子意思的理解，概念结构，单词识别等。

In these portion,the article begins the study of tone sandhi from the point view of two-character phrases and three-character phrases,which is also the focus and difficult point as well.On the basis of substantial materials of Dingzhou dialect,the author elaborates its rules and principles of tone sandhi of the general phrases and those with light tones,and reiterative location.the author puts his views as follows: 1.The rules of tone sandhi of two- character phrase are simple and unitive. 2.The complex of the phrase with light tones lies in the combination of the first tone and light tone.In the case,there are two different pronunciations in Dingzhou dialect.The author guesses it is the coexist of ancient pronunciations and common spoken Chinese. 3.The tone sandhi of general three-character phrases on the basis of the rules of that of two- character phrases,using the grammar structure of the three-character phrases as the restricted conduction,which function jointly. 4.The rules of tone sandhi of three- character phrases with light tones are restricted only by that of the two- character phrases with light tones and thus are foreign to grammar structure. 5.The tone sandhi of the words with reiterative location has their own system.

这两章中，作者采用直接调查法，社会语言学方法分别从一般字组、含轻声字组和叠音词字组三个方面对定州方言连读变调进行详尽地描写，文章中既有对连读变调的共时性描写，也有对连读变调历时性推测，总的来讲笔者认为定州方言变调具有一定的系统性，主要表现在以下几个方面：两字组连读变调规律简单统一，含轻声字两字组内部规律较为复杂，但是具有很强的一致性；定州方言含轻声两字组变调的复杂性主要表现在阴平+轻声的组合中，在这种情况下，定州方言有两种读音方式，推测它是语音存古现象和普通话语音并存的结果；一般三字组连读变调以两字组连读变调规律为基础，以三字组的语法结构为制约条件，二者共同发生作用；轻声三字组变调规律只受轻声两字组变调规律的制约，与语法结构无关；叠音词的变调规律自成系统。

The paper firstly locates Culler's position in structuralism from micro-aspect and macro-aspect and then from two levels of the subject construction and literature definition focuses on the foundation of Culler's poetics in aspects of linguistic procedure and institutional theory to find the theory premise of Culler's poetics.

本文首先从微观视野在结构主义内部和从宏观视野在结构主义外部为卡勒进行定位，以便寻找发展的契机。其次聚焦卡勒诗学的根基，从学科建设和文学定义两个层次，围绕语言学程序和惯例论立场，发掘卡勒诗学赖以产生发展的理论前提。

KEY WORDS medicine, Chinese traditional; linguistics; translation; English; hypotaxis; parataxis

关键词］医学，中国传统；语言学；翻译；英语；从属结构；并列结构

Methods The ontology basis of western and Chinese medicine were discussed from the aspect of ontology in the western philosophy,"manifestation" and "implication" of syndromes were studied from eastern philosophy,the surface structure and deep structure of syndromes were analyzed from linguistics,the "question of fact" and "question of normalization" considered in the thinking were expounded from noetic science,and the sequence and non-sequence constituted in the "cluster of symptoms and signs" of syndromes were explored from mathematics.

方法从西方哲学本体论的角度分别讨论中西医学的本体论基础，从东方哲学讨论证候的"象"与"意"；从语言学的角度分析证候的表层结构与深层结构；从思维学的角度论述思维所考虑的"事实问题"与"规范问题"；从数学的角度讨论构成证候的症状体征串的有序与无序。

ABSTRACT This dissertation is concerned with the production and the interpretation of textual meaning, the meaning of literary texts in particular, in such an interdisciplinary way that it involves semiotics, general linguistics, pragmatics, semantics, text semantics, literary criticism, poetics, structuralism and poststructuralism.

本论文采用跨学科的方式讨论文本意义的产生和解读，尤其是文学文本的意义，主要涉及符号学，普通语言学，语用学，语义学，文本语义学，文学理论，诗学，结构主义和后结构主义。本文之所以采用跨学科的研究方法是因为这些学科都探讨同一个问题，即意义问题，只是角度不同而已。

We divide the development of communicative structural theory in Russian linguistics into two stages. The first stage is from the early 50"s of 20th century to the end of 70"s.

我们将交际结构理论在俄语语言学中的发展划分为两个阶段：第一阶段是从二十世纪50年代初至70年代末，这一阶段的研究主要是围绕交际结构自身理论体系的建构展开的。

Based on structural linguistics and behavioral psychology, traditional approach of listening teaching only focuses on the form and structure of the language and regards the listening process as a passive and static way.

传统的听力教学由于以结构主义语言学和行为主义心理学为理论基础，更为关注语言的形式和结构，把听力理解作为一个被动的，一成不变的过程。

The theoretical foundation of structuralism is Structural Linguistics which originated from Saussure's theories and Transformational-Generative Grammar which actually developed from the former.

结构主义的理论基础是索绪尔及其后的结构主义语言学加上后来分化、发展而成的"转换－生成语法"。

Structuralist linguistics describes linguistic features in terms of systems or structures.

结构主义语言学以系统或结构这样的术语描写语言。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。