结构化

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

In Salsola passerina-Reaumuria soongoriea community, the first ordination axes explains the salinization gradient. along the order of Caragana tibetica community, Salsola passerina-Oxytropis aciphylla community, and Reaumuria soongorica-Salsola passerine community, soil alkalization increases. The second ordination axis explains soil structure gradient, along the order of Caragana tibetica community, Reaumuria soongorica-Salsola passerina community and Salsola passerina community, soil texture becomes coarser. In the Stipa breviflora-Stipa grandis community, the first ordination axis indicates the soil water gradient, and the second ordination axes explains hydrothermal coupling gradient. In the Prunus mongolica-Ulmus glaucescens community, the first ordination axis explains the soil pH gradient, along the order of Ulmus glaucescens-Pnuius mongolica community, Prunus mongolica-Potentilla fruticosa community, and Potentilla fnuicosa-Prunus mongolica community, soil pH value reduces. The second ordination axis explains soil structure gradient, along the order Prunus mongolica-Ulmus glaucescens community, and Prunus mongolica-Potentilla fruticosa community, the contents of silt and clay increase, and soil texture suggests a fine trend.

在珍珠猪毛菜－红砂群落，第一排序轴反映了土壤盐碱化梯度，沿着藏锦鸡儿群落－珍珠猪毛菜、猫头刺群落－珍珠猪毛菜、红砂群落序列，土壤盐碱化程度不断增强；第二排序轴则反映了土壤结构梯度，沿着藏锦鸡儿群落－珍珠猪毛菜、红砂群落－珍珠猪毛菜、猫头刺群落序列，土壤质地逐渐粗化；在短花针茅－大针茅群落，第一排序轴反映了土壤水分梯度，第二排序轴反映了海拔梯度上的水热组合梯度；在蒙古扁桃－灰榆群落，第一排序轴反映了土壤pH梯度，沿着灰榆、蒙古扁桃群落－蒙古扁桃、金露梅群落－蒙古扁桃群落序列，土壤pH值逐渐下降；第二排序轴主要反映了土壤结构梯度，沿着蒙古扁桃群落－灰榆、蒙古扁桃群落－蒙古扁桃、金露梅群落序列，土壤中粉粒、粘粒含量逐渐增加，土壤质地呈细化趋势。

The phosphotungstic acid and the silicotungstic acid are prepared firstly, and the Keggin structure of them is also confirmed by IR spectrum. Then the HPWA/SiO2 and HSiWA/SiO2 are prepared by impregnation, and IR spectrum and UV spectrum are used to characterize the Keggin structure of them.

通过经典酸化－乙醚萃取法制备了钨磷酸和钨硅酸，并用红外光谱证明其具有Keggin结构；再用传统浸渍法对制备的钨磷酸和钨硅酸进行SiO2固载化，然后重点对杂多酸在固载化后Keggin结构是否依然保持进行了研究。

N-substituded thioacridones with five different structures were synthesized via a route involving Ull-man reaction, cyclization, N-alkylation and sulfurization. The structures of each thioacridone were identified with IR and MS. The results from UV-spectrophotometry show that the five N-alkythioacridones all have stronger absorption in the visible light region.

采用乌尔曼反应、酸催化环化、N-烷基化和硫代化四步反应路线合成了5种不同结构的N-取代硫代吖啶酮，利用IR和MS分析手段表征了其结构，UV分光光度计的测定结果表明5种硫代吖啶酮在可见光区都有较强的吸收。

By means of UV、IR and GC, we preliminarily analyzed the components, structures and content of the fatty acids in Trichosanthes kirilowii oil, and we also analyzed the structure of trichosanic acid .

并采用杂环化法衍生化瓜蒌仁油，应用气相色谱-质谱联用法对瓜蒌酸进行结构鉴定及含量测定，确定了瓜蒌酸的结构为C18：39c，11t，13c，采用峰面积归一化法计算出其相对质量分数为41.82%。

By introducing the concept of fluidizing extent factor, the fluidization technological parameters under different structure have a comparable factor.

在此研究中，由于不同结构参数时的物料流化工艺参数不同，通过引入流化程度因子概念，使不同结构下的物料流化工艺参数有了相同的可比因子。

The effects on appearance and color and structure of passivating film were studied for various treatments of brass products by two\|step passivation, and the film structure was characterized by using SEM.

介绍了不同处理方式对黄铜制品经二步钝化法处理后形成钝化膜外观、色泽及结构的影响，并通过扫描电镜对钝化膜结构进行了表征。

Microscopical identification and TLC discrimination: After the expanded process, the structure of ginseng changed greatly, starch grain gelated, clustered crystal, trachea, were destroyed, the ginsengs hardy texture become loose; The ginseng and the expanded ginseng have the same chromatography stains,color and Rf values.

显微、TLC鉴定：人参膨化后组织结构发生显著变化，淀粉粒糊化，簇晶、导管、木栓细胞破碎，质地坚实的结构变得蓬松；人参膨化前后TLC的斑点颜色、数目、Rf值均相同。

After amplying a 2.2kb fragment form the PPV-SC1 RF-DNA,we clone the fragment into pMD 18-T,named pTNSl.The whole sequence which is 1989 bp long was determined by sequencing, including the complete ORF of PPV-SC1 NS1 which encoding 662 amino acids.Alignment of pairs of sequence indicates that there are 98% and 99% similary with other porcine parvovirus strains Kresse and NADL-2, respectively. Multiple sequence alignment discloses that there are a few difference between ppv-scl nsl gene and other ppv nsl gene: A-G at 39nt,T-C at 153nt,A-G at 175nt, A-C at 1117nt, A-C at 1535nt .Alternative codon in ppv-scl nsl have distinctly different frequentfy by codonbias analysis at EMBOSS(http://genopole.toulouse.inra.fr/bioinfo/emboss). Thereis not distinct hydrophobicity and transmenbrane helices in ppv-scl nsl protein. Struction domain anslysis of PPV-SC1 NS1 protein indicate that there are a ATP/GTP-binding site motif A at 398-405,16 Protein kinase C phosphorylation site,21 Casein kinase II phosphorylation site,and 3 cAMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation site.At the same time ,there is a same motif between ppv-scl nsl and Poxvirus D5 protein-like which may share in the same fuction which is necessary during virion duplication.

将PPV-SC1 NS1序列与其他PPV NS1基因进行多序列比对，结果显示，PPV-SC1 NS1与其他的PPV NS1的同源性较高，仅存在个别的差异，分别是第39位A→G，第153位T→C，第175位A→G，第1117位A→C，第1535位A→C；同源搜索比较表明，PPV-SC1与PPV NS1同源性可达98％、99％，与其他的细小病毒NS1基因也存在很大的保守性；密码子偏向性分析结果表明PPV-SC1 NS1基因在同一氨基酸的不同密码子的选择上存在一定的偏向性；PPV-SC1 NS1蛋白总体上说具有亲水性不存在明显的疏水性区段，用swiss TMPRED软件预测PPV-SC1 NS1的跨膜区，返回的结果并没有得到有显著意义的跨膜区的存在；根据基于motif数据库的结构域预测，PPV-SC1 NS1的第393-415位氨基酸残基存在潜在的ATP／GTP结合位点，该蛋白还存在16个蛋白激酶C磷酸化位点，21个酪蛋白激酶2磷酸化位点，3个cAMP-／cGMP依赖蛋白激酶磷酸化位点，PPV-SC1 NS1蛋白与POX_D5(痘病毒D5蛋白)具有一致的保守结构域，推测NS1可能与POX_D5有类似的功能。

Photoelectric materials with organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite structure are novel molecular-scale composites through organic and inorganic compounds self-assembling.The layered perovskite framework comprised of metal halide octahedra provides a distinct set of advantages including good electrical mobility, mechanical and thermal stability,while organic component offers a number of useful properties including structural diversity and ease of processing et al.

有机/无机杂化钙钛矿结构光电功能材料是通过有机分子与无机分子的自组装形成的一类新型的分子复合晶体材料，无机金属卤化物构成的钙钛矿结构提供了有序的载流子传输网络并提高杂化材料的机械稳定性和热稳定性，而有机组份的功能性和易加工性使杂化材料具有光电功能和大面积成膜性能。

They weren't aggressive, but I yelled and threw a rock in their direction to get them off the trail and away from me, just in case.

他们没有侵略性，但我大喊，并在他们的方向扔石头让他们过的线索，远离我，以防万一。

In slot 2 in your bag put wrapping paper, quantity does not matter in this case.

在你的书包里槽2把包装纸、数量无关紧要。