结壳

T〓, ΔT〓,〓 and ξ are all influenced by the flow pattern of molten electrolyte and metal and by temperature gradient. 6. A set of software characterized with typical friendly Windows GUI has been successfully developed under Borland C++ OWL IDE. It has a hierarchical completely mouse-driven menu system.

根据NaF-AlF〓体系性质与结晶热力学和动力学原理，首次提出槽帮结壳在冷凝形成和熔化消失过程中分别存在一"过冷度"：ΔT〓，〓(5)"过热度"：ΔT〓，〓(6)新结壳固化时间：〓和理论研究和实际生产所指槽膛内形之间存在的"过渡层"，厚度为ξ。

We summarize the study of geochemistry of the Co rich crust, and explain the diffusion of elements in the Co rich crust and the exchange with ambient seawater. Besides, we discuss the effect of phosphatization and substrate rocks on the composition of the Co rich crust. We also introduce the application of stable isotopes (including the stable isotopes of Pb, Nd, and Hf), radioactive...

概述了富钴结壳地球化学的研究成果阐述了富钴结壳中元素的扩散及与周围海水的交换，基岩和磷酸盐化事件对富钴结壳组成的影响分别介绍了稳定同位素(Pb、Nd和Hf的稳定同位素)、放射性同位素(Be、U和Th的放射性同位素)及元素(常量和微量元素、稀土元素)在富钴结壳古海洋学研究上的应用。

The major and minor elements of cobalt-rich crusts from Mid-Pacific CX seamount were analyzed using the inductively-coupled plasma atomic-emission spectrometry and gravimetric method, to investigate the effect of phosphatization on the elemental association of cobalt-rich crusts.

为了探讨磷酸盐化作用对富钴结壳元素相关性的影响，用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法和重量法测试了中太平洋CX 海山富钴结壳的主、微量元素及稀土元素。

Base on above studies, some conclusions were obtained as follows:(1) ore-forming background of the studied ferromanganese crusts are mainly controlled by intensity of Antarctic Bottom Waters and variations of material source;(2) it is confirmed that the ferromanganese crusts are mainly hydrogenetic and their composition are affected by volcanic and continental material simultaneously; there are no obvious phosphatization reconstruction and element reaction occurred in them, so they have important paleoceanological significance;(3) from researches on element occurrence modes in the new-type ferromanganese crusts and the lying sediments, it is proposed that there is no great biological affection on the crusts formation and their composition mainly came from the adsorptive action of the ferromanganese oxides in them;(4) two major types of ore-controlling factors are identified through compilation of ore-controlling factors, which are geological and oceanic factors;(5) considering the long-term variation trends of the crusts composition, combing the U-series and 10Be isotope dating results, it is proposed that the ore-forming processes of ferromanganese crusts in the studied areas can be divided into three major stages (5.6~2.8 Ma, 2.8~2.7 Ma and since 2.7 Ma), and then the activities of AABW since the Late Miocene, changes of input flux coming from volcanic and continental material are confirmed.

通过研究，得出如下结论：(1)研究区铁锰结壳的成矿背景主要受控于南极底流强弱及物源供给的变化；(2)证实铁锰结壳主要为水成成因，同时其物质组成也受一定程度的火山和陆源物质的影响；结壳自形成以来没有遭受到明显的磷酸盐化等成岩后期改造和元素再迁移，具有重要的古海洋学意义；(3)通过新型铁锰结壳及下伏沉积物元素赋存状态的研究，认为生物作用对研究区结壳的形成并没有很大的直接影响，其物质成分主要来自于结壳中铁锰氧化物的吸附作用；(4)在控矿要素的研究中，归纳出了地质与海洋两大类结壳控矿要素；(5)根据结壳成分长周期变化趋势，结合铀系和10Be测年结果，将研究区结壳的形成过程划分为三个主要阶段(5.6~2.8 Ma，2.8~2.7 Ma和2.7 Ma以来)，并确定了晚中新世以来研究区南极底流的活动情况、火山和大陆来源物质输入量的变化。

The research leads to following conclusions: A The age of the ferromanganese contacting with the upper phosphate layer is 14.9 Ma; B The crust had been grown continually without sedimentation interruption since 14.9 Ma, suggesting that it can be used to rebuild the environment of palaeo-ocean and palaeo-climate from 14.9 Ma to 0 Ma; C The sedimentation interruption between the ferromanganese and the upper phosphate layer lasted around 4 Ma; D Between 19 Ma and 22.7 Ma, great phosphatization event happened in this area, which might cause the sedimentation interruption from 22.7 Ma to 14.9 Ma; E The ferromanganese crust began to grow from 75 Ma.

对超微量Sr同位素测试得到的富钴结壳磷酸盐年龄进行分析认为：(1)上部富钴结壳与上层白色磷酸盐化层接触部位的年龄为14.9 Ma；(2)自14.9 Ma以来，结壳的生长是连续的，沉积间断发生的可能性非常小，该样品可以用来进行14.9 Ma年以来古海洋、全球变化的重建工作；(3)上层白色磷酸盐化层与其上部的富钴结壳之间存在4 Ma的沉积间断；(4)19 Ma~22.7 Ma左右在该区发生过大规模的磷酸盐化作用，磷酸盐化作用可能造成磷酸盐化时期(19 Ma~22.7 Ma)和之后4 Ma(19 Ma~14.9 Ma)富钴结壳的沉积间断；(5)结壳的初始生长年龄在75 Ma左右；(6)老结壳的生长速度要远低于新结壳的生长速度。

The landform obviously had controlled the covered ratio, occurrence, morphological feature of the cobaltrich crusts. The very gentle or steep slopes of seamounts are unfavourable to the growth of the cobaltrich crusts. The crusts mainly are platy on the steep slopes of seamounts, and rippled or pillow on the gentle slopes. The platy crusts mostly appear on the slopes of the seamounts, but the pebble crusts or cobaltrich nodules on the flat or low areas.

地形对富钴结壳覆盖率、产状、形态具有明显的控制作用，海山坡度太缓、太陡均不利于结壳的生长发育；在海山坡度较大处生长的结壳多呈平板状，而在坡度较小处生长的结壳多呈波纹状或枕状；海山的斜坡上生长的多为板状结壳，而在平坦低洼处则有利于砾状结壳、钴结核的生长发育。

Fractal research on resource quantity distributed on seamount slope has three phases.

通过海山地形与钴结壳资源量的分形研究表明，海山地形与钴结壳资源量间呈多重分形分布。

Based on the experience on mining deep sea manganese nodule and the new research achievements of rich cobalt crust , the authors developed a mining scenario for deep sea rich cobalt crust with drum type collecting head.

从国内外深海开采锰结核的经验出发，通过分析比较钴结壳最新研究成果，提出了深海开采富钴结壳采掘机器人滚筒式采矿头的方案；通过对其切削破碎钴结壳载荷波动性的分析，建立了其载荷波动的数学模型，编制了模拟计算采集头载荷及其波动性指标的计算机程序，并对设计的深海钴结壳采集头理论模型的载荷特性进行了模拟和分析，为设计和优化深海钴结壳采掘机器人滚筒式采集头提供了设计依

The relationships between crusts and substrate rocks have been probed from the following four aspects:(1) the characteristics of major metallic elements content in seawater, substrate rocks and crusts;(2) the different close relations between different bedrocks and crusts by cluster analysis;(3) the distribution characteristics of crusts;(4) the influence of rock types on the growth of crusts.

从以下四个方面探讨结壳与基岩之间的关系：(1)海水、基岩和结壳中主要金属元素含量特点；(2)通过聚类分析方法探讨结壳与基岩之间的亲疏程度；(3)结壳的分布特征；(4)不同基岩类型对结壳生长的影响。

"Study on relation between seamounts type and cobalt-rich crusts mineralization" take seamounts from Mid-Pacific Mountains and Marcus-Wake ridge as research objects, aim to discuss differences in crust mineralization for different seamounts type and their mechanism, offer theoretical guidance to present crust ore-finding, ore-delineation and resources assessment.

&海山类型与结壳成矿的关系研究&以中太平洋海山区和马尔库斯-威克海岭的富钴结壳资源调查海山为研究对象，旨在探讨不同类型海山结壳的成矿差异和形成机理，为当前富钴结壳资源找矿、圈矿和资源评价提供理论指导。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。