结合面

Copper nanoparticles were modified by surface modifier, methyl - methylacrylate, and minified by use of fluid-flow comminuted method, the disper sity and dispersion stability of the modified copper nanoparticles as additive i n CD 15W/40 engine oil were evaluated by high velocity centrifuger; its morpholo gy and particle size were tested by TEM and XRD analysis; and its tribological p roperty in CD 15W/40 engine oil was investigated by ball on pan tribo-tester.

采用化学改性法与液流粉碎机械法对纳米铜微粒进行了表面改性和分散研究，采用高速离心机考察了表面改性后纳米铜微粒作为添加剂在CD15W/40柴油机油中的分散性及分散稳定性，采用TEM、XRD测试了表面改性纳米铜微粒的形貌及粒径大小，采用球盘磨损试验机考察了表面改性纳米铜微粒作为CD15W/40全配方调配油添加剂的摩擦学性能，用SEM、EDS观察了磨损表面的形貌、线扫描、面分布及元素含量，分析了纳米铜微粒在摩擦过程中的减摩润滑机理。结果表明：甲基丙烯酸甲酯化学改性结合液流粉碎方法处理后纳米铜微粒的粒径进一步均匀、细化，平均粒径为24nm，并在CD15W/40油中分散性好，悬浮稳定时间长。

At the same time,a tension stress is applied on theγ′phase interfaces along the direction parallel to the stress axis,which results in the lattice expansion ofγ′phase to trap the Al,Ta atoms with the bigger radius.This brings out the accumulation of the solute atoms to form the N-type rafted structure.Al,Ta atoms with bigger radius diffuse to the {100} plane to form the linked bond of the heterogeneous atoms and the stable stacking mode,this is a main reason of promoting the transformation ofγ′phase into the N-type rafted structure.And the change of the strain energy density in different interfaces of the cubical-likeγ′phase is thought to be the driving force of the elements diffusion and theγ′phase directional growth during creep.

拉伸蠕变期间，类立方γ\'相中与施加应力轴垂直的界面受水平切应力，使晶格收缩可排斥较大半径的Al、Ta原子；与应力轴平行的界面受拉伸张应力，使晶格扩张可诱捕较大半径的Al、Ta原子，由此引起的原子偏聚形成γ\'相是自由能降低的过程；其中，较大半径的Al、Ta原子扩散迁移至{100}晶面，形成异类原子结合键及稳定的堆垛方式，是促使γ\'相形成N-型筏状结构的主要原因；而γ\'相不同界面的应变能密度变化是元素扩散及γ\'相定向粗化的驱动力。

Based on present researches,by means of modern measurement and analysis techniques,systemic laboratory experiments,field investigations and through theory researches were conducted.And following are the major points and achievements presented in this dissertation:①The micro-convexity on fracture plane was studied.Analyzing and comparing the static attribute and dynamic variation of natural fracture with the artificial,untreated fracture,artificial and scabbled fracture as well,making out the criteria that artificial and scabbled fracture simulate natural fracture.②We take the effect of all the three primary stresses and stress invariant into account in the Lade-dbl yield criterion,which can preferably reflect all the yield and destruction characteristic of the rock material.

结合裂缝性储层应力敏感性研究现状，利用现代化测试手段，通过系列的室内实验以及深入的理论探讨，本文取得的研究成果包括以下几个方面：①从裂缝面上的微凸体入手，分析和对比了天然裂缝、人工但未经过处理的裂缝，以及经过粗化处理以后的人工裂缝的静态特征和动态变化，指出了经过粗化处理以后的人工裂缝模拟天然裂缝的依据；②Lade双曲服面屈服准则考虑了所有三个主应力或应力不变量对屈服与破坏的影响，能够较好的反应岩石材料的所有屈服和破坏特性。

Applying the principles and methods of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, and combining with the data of exploration wells and development wells in encrypted network of wells, the authors identified 41 short-term base-level cycles of 7 types, which were formed under the conditions of deeping upward, shallowing upward, symmetrical in different accommodation space in Fuyu oil layer of Chao 1-Chao gas 3 blocks, and makes detailed analysis on the genesis and characteristics based on the sedimentary dynamics.

运用高分辨率层序地层学原理和方法，结合探井及密井网开发井资料，在朝阳沟油田朝1-朝气3区块扶余油层识别出向上&变深&、向上&变浅&、对称型及其不同可容纳空间条件下的7类共41个短期基准面旋回，并以沉积动力学观点详细剖析了其成因及特征。

The traditional Chinese brushwork techniques of " Dian ", Ca","Cun (brushing shade and texture with light ink)", and " Ran (tingeing with monochrome ink or colors)And the western methods of combining lines and forms.

他将传统中国画点擦皴染的&笔墨&功力与西画的块面造型及构成法巧妙的结合在一起，用来真实地吐露自己的感情。

Totally unique and utterly irresistible, these open-toed slingbacks have 4 heels, and open vamps with two mini buckled straps.

独特而又完全不可抗拒，这款大开口的后带鞋有4英寸高的鞋跟，敞开的鞋面以两条有饰扣的小带子结合。

Combining with the practice of the design,the determinations of top elevation of open sea terminal on different structural type of wharfs are discusses.

结合设计工作实践，就不同结构型式下开敞式码头面高程的确定方法进行探讨。

Attention should be paid to the deference of wreathing angle and stagger angle between the two streamlines of back shroud and forward shroud.

结合一个具体的实例，说明该型泵的设计方法和特点，并在同样的叶轮轴面图情况下，分别设计了叶片型线不同的两个叶轮。

On the other hand, banded tracks combining steel and rubber tend to give up the advantages of all-steel tread even as they gain some of the abilities of tires.

另一方面，带状相结合的轨道上钢和橡胶倾向于放弃优势所有钢胎面甚至，因为他们获得的一些能力的轮胎。

This announcement left rough surface design, Majestic, strong literary flavor, corruption, sex and artificial stone, wood craft aspire meaning "scholar" due to creative inspiration from the Western Han Dynasty royal bamboo books, combined with elements of modern tea ceremony is often symbols, Nature and the Humanities taste aspire underlines the tea had the leisure Yun Yau, for the next Nanshan tea tray in the classic black gold, limited 99, is currently China's only a form of technology so great products, with a very high collection sex and practical value.

此款产品表面设计留粗面，大气磅礴，文人气息浓厚，黑金石头材性与人工的工艺浑然天成，寓意&大学士&因创意灵感来自西汉皇家的竹书卷，结合现代茶道的时常元素符号，大自然与人文味道的浑然天成，，彰显茶香悠得之闲韵，为南山下黑金茶盘中之经典，限量66片，是目前中国市场唯一一款如此形式的工艺大品，具有相当高的收藏性与实用价值。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。