经验论

The seismic disasters features and behavior mechanisms of the buriedwater supply pipeline are analyzed by synthesis and the breakage of thepipe joints caused by seismic wave propagation as main disasters mode isled into. The soil-pipe interaction, and the soil-pipe slippage arediscussed. Statistical experience method resulted from earthquakeinvestigations and theoretical methods based on reliability theory areintroduced. The reliability of buried pipeline is researched. The methodfor estimate connective reliability of network by means of Monte Carlesimulation technique and Breadth First Search method is introduced. Theconnective reliability of water supply pipe network is researched.

本文综合分析了地下供水管道的地震破坏特征和反应机理，引入了以接头破坏作为主要的破坏模式，并探讨了管土间的相互作用和滑移作用等问题；介绍了根据震害调查数据回归的统计经验法和基于可靠性理论的理论分析法，对地下管道的可靠性进行了研究；介绍了利用蒙特卡罗法和网络图论中的广度优先搜索法判定网络连通可靠度的方法，对供水管网的连通可靠性进行了研究；考虑到震害预测方法中的许多参数是随时间变化的，应用灰色理论和概率论，建立了基于GIS 的供水管网动态震害预测模型。

From Kants point of view, experienced moral principles are not generally effective.

这被康德看作反对经验的幸福论道德原理的关键。

Database was developed using in-situ water components absorption data to analyze the correlationship between absorption coefficients of suspended substances and their concentrations in the water color bands of MODIS and MERIS reflectance,respectively.Based on the bio-optical theory models and the remote sensing retrieval semi-analysis algorithm of Carder-MODIS phytoplankton optical characteristics,the sensitive bands adapting to local water optical characteristics were selected to develop empirical models of inherent optical characteristics,apparent optical parameters and component concentrations.And the remote sensing retrieval of water inherent optical characteristics and concentrations in the Hangzhou Bay at the MODIS band was achieved by this model.

利用实测水体组分吸收数据建立分析数据集，分别分析MODIS与MERIS特征波段水体悬浮物吸收系数与悬浮物浓度和遥感反射率的相关性；在生物光学理论模型的基础上，参考Carder-MODIS浮游植物固有光学性质遥感反演半分析算法，选择适合本地(来源：ABC论7f文网www.abclunwen.com)水体光学特点的特征波段，建立固有光学参数、表观光学参数以及成分浓度之间的经验模型，基于MODIS特征波段实现杭州湾水体固有光学性质及其浓度的遥感反演。

In this paper we chose the passive ranging which is based on bio-stereo vision from many methods of visual ranging,according to the feature of the highway. The main obstacle on highway - vehicle and its position can be detected by image segmentation pattern recognition and some pre-experience.

本论文中，根据课题实验环境的特点，选择了其中基于双目立体视觉原理的被动测距的方法，通过图像分割和模式识别技术并结合一定的先验经验完成高速公路上主要障碍物—汽车的识别提取，最终得到障碍物的位置信息。

Locke is considered the first of the British empiricists, but is equally important to social contract theory.

洛克被认为是第一位英国经验主义者，但他对社会契约论是同样重要的。

For instance, within the theory of knowledge we do not merely have the Sophists versus Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, but also the discussions between rationalists, empiricists and proponents of a Kantian approach, as well as pragmatic conceptions of various kinds, and phenomenologists and hermeneuticians, etc.

例如，在知识论上，既有智者派对苏格拉底，柏拉图和亚里士多德，也有唯理论者，经验论者和康德式进路的支持者，以及各种语用学观念和现象学家和诠释学家等之间的争论。

Jiang's idea of "ruling of virtue" is a result of his summarising scientifically ruling experience of all the ruling classes in history, and of his inheriting critically the Confucian idea of "ruling of virtue", but has brought forth new views.

江泽民的&以德治国&论是对中国历代统治阶级治理国家经验的科学总结，也是对儒家&德治&思想的批判继承与综合创新，具有一套全新的内容。

There are two issues in counseling groups related to the stages of group process. First, much of the existing literature on conceptualization of group stages is borrowed from theory or research of psychotherapy group and T-group; second, the lack of experimental evidence or the lack of theoretical basis for conceptualizing the stage development of a counseling group.

现有文献在谘商团体的阶段论有两个待解决的问题：其一，多数有关团体阶段划分借用心理治疗团体或T－团体的理论或资料，由於这些团体性质与目标不同，是否可以移用值得再思；其二，有些阶段划分凭据实务经验，既无实证研究证据，也缺乏阶段发展的理论依据。

Chapter 3 the Persian war, chapter 4 the Vandal war, chapter 5 the Gothic war are all about the same issue "Wars and Peace."By analyzing every war's cause, process, I then make a conclusion of Procopius'conception of history. Chapter 6 "Natural Calamity and Human Disaster"analyzes and discusses the Plague of Constantinople in 542-543 and "Nika riot"in 532. In chapter 7 "Legend, Customs and Natural Phenomena", besides a scrutiny of Procopius'history criticism, I examine and sum up three kinds of digressions in this work. The last chapter "Military and Religion"inquires into the military organization , armies of the services, equipments, strategy and tactics, weapons of Byzantine empire. This chapter also probes into the attitude of Procopius on Christian, heresies and paganism; The epilogue is a conclusion of this dissertation, making a systematic exposition on Procopius'conception of history.

对这三大战争的研究，笔者采用述论相结合的方法，首先分析各大战争爆发的原因，然后详细分析战争的过程，纠正普罗柯比的正误、讳言之处，通过与其他史料的相互对比还原历史真相，总结经验教训，最后，在每章的总结部分论述战争的结果及其对交战双方的影响，通过对具体内容的分析归纳总结普罗柯比的历史观；第六章&天灾与人祸&主要对《战记》中记载的542-543 年君士坦丁堡大瘟疫和532 年尼卡暴乱加以分析论述，通过普罗柯比与其他史家记载的对比探寻查士丁尼大瘟疫的起源、传播路径、症状、传染介质、死亡人数、政府对策及其影响等问题，通过对尼卡暴乱目击者记录的分析揭示尼卡暴乱爆发的原因、真实过程，对尼卡暴乱作出公允的评价；在第七章&神话传说、民族风俗和自然现象&中，通过普罗柯比对这三类插话描写的总结和评论，分析他的历史批判法；在最后一章&军事与宗教&中，剥开《战记》的表层内容，对其中蕴含的较深层次的思想内容进行研究，如拜占廷帝国的军队组织、兵种、装备、战略战术、军事武器等内容的探讨，同时也就普罗柯比对基督教和异教、异端的态度加以分析论述；最后的结语部分主要是作全文的总结，阐述普罗柯比的历史观。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。