经验论

To conquer the difficulty faced by modernphilosophy,the intuition theory of Leibniz combines a priori with aposteriori,universality with particularity,and solves the puzzle of how to obtainessential knowledge properly.This make it possible for Leibniz philosophy to avoidthe emptiness of earlier rationalism and narrowness of empiricism,and reach theunprecedented livelyness and richness.

为了克服近代哲学的这种困境，莱布尼茨的直觉理论以现象学直观的方式突破了近代唯理论和经验论在本质认识上所陷入的困境，将先验与具体、一般和特殊统一起来，这使其哲学得以可能克服经验论的狭隘性和以往唯理论的空洞性，从而达到空前的生动和饱满。

S4:Communicatively acting individuals are thus subject to the ''must" of a weak transcendental necessity, but this does not mean they already encounter the prescriptive "must" of a rule of action whether the latter "must can be traced back deontologically to the normative validity of a moral law, axiologically to a constellation of preferred values, or empirically to the effectiveness of a technical rule.

因此，交往行动者被置于一种弱的先验的"必须"之下，但是这并不意味着他们已经进入了行动规则的规范性"必须"，尽管后一个"必须"可以被回溯到义务论中的道德律的有效性规范当中，从价值论的角度还原为一组优先价值，或者从经验论的角度成为一个有用的技术性规范。

On the basis of the above views, the cognitive source is the dialectic unity of connatural conception and sensual experience.

经验论和先验论的最初表现形式是朴素经验论和

This paper inquires into this origin and Einstein's new developments and creations from five aspects, i.e. moderate empiricism, foundational conventionalism, holism of meaning, scientific rationalism and programmatic realism.

本文从爱因斯坦的暖和经验论、基础约定论、意义整体论、科学理性论、纲领实在论五个方面探讨了这种渊源关系和爱因斯坦本人的新的拓展和创造。

After analyzed and understood carefully, it is known obviously to us that the meaning of Hume\'s philosophy is not absolute empirism in general as some people consider, because experience is only a basic springboard to him, and his real aim is psychologism as one kind of empirism.

我们可以明显看出，休谟哲学的意义并不完全在于一般意义上的经验论，经验对休谟来讲只是其理论的一个基本出发点，休谟哲学的真正实质在于作为经验论的心理主义。

Van Fraassen's interpretative theory of quantum measurement is not only the core of his philosophy of quantum mechanics,but also the theoretical foundation in his philosophy of science,constructive experimentalism.

知识词典华中科技大学学报：人文社科版武汉14～19B2科学技术哲学万小龙20022002范·弗拉森的量子理论的解释思想不仅是他的一般科学哲学理论——建构经验论的重要科学思想基础，也是建构经验论在量子力学哲学中的具体体现。

Whether the law is regarded as an experience or a logic, it indicates the essence of law, determines the method of study, and explains the veracity to know law. presumption of fault is not only an experience from legal practice, but the result of deduction, therefore, it has foundation in reality.

对于过错推定来说，它既是一种来自法律实践的经验，同时也是一种法律逻辑推理的结果，因此，无论从经验论来看还是从逻辑论来说，过错推定都有着在现实中运用的根据。

The author would further argue for the theses listed below:(1) Wittgenstein's"phenomenological period"could be regarded as the beginning of his lasting interest in"the philosophy of psychology"into the end of his life, whereas the interest of this kind didn't appear obviously in Tractatus;(2) By interpreting the"atomic propositions"as the simplest description of the data instead of avoiding illustrating what it is as Tractatus did, Wittgenstein's "phenomenological period"does show us an amazing affinity between his own standpoint at that time and that of the Russellian logical atomism, which is surely under the influence of the empiricist tradition;(3) Wittgenstein's critique of his phenomenology, however, revives the celebrated Tractarian dichotomy between"unspeakablity"and"speakablity"in a new context by denying any attempt to employ any linguistic tool to designate or describe the absoluteness of the data which could be only"shown".

本文所试图论证的要点可以被概括为：(1)维氏的"现象学阶段"可以被视为他关于"心理学的哲学"的长期学术兴趣的发端点——这一兴趣一直延续到他生命的终点，却并未体现于其早年作品《逻辑哲学论》之中；(2)通过将"原子命题"解释为对于感觉予料的最简单的描述（而不是像《逻辑哲学论》那样回避对于"原子命题"之所是的正面解说），维氏的"现象学阶段"乃是向我们展现了他该时期的哲学立场与罗素的经验论版本的"逻辑原子主义"之间的令人惊讶的亲缘关系；(3)通过否认任何试图用语言手段来标示或描述予料的企图，并通过对于予料自身的绝对性的展示，维氏对于他自己的"现象学"观念的批判实际上乃是复活了他在《逻辑哲学论》时代就已作出的对于"不可说性"与"可说性"的二分法。

The author would further argue for the theses listed below:(1) Wittgenstein's"phenomenological period"could be regarded as the beginning of his lasting interest in"the philosophy of psychology"into the end of his life, whereas the interest of this kind didn't appear obviously in Tractatus;(2) By interpreting the"atomic propositions"as the simplest description of the data instead of avoiding illustrating what it is as Tractatus did, Wittgenstein's "phenomenological period"does show us an amazing affinity between his own standpoint at that time and that of the Russellian logical atomism, which is surely under the influence of the empiricist tradition;(3) Wittgenstein's critique of his phenomenology, however, revives the celebrated Tractarian dichotomy between"unspeakablity"and"speakablity"in a new context by denying any attempt to employ any linguistic tool to designate or describe the absoluteness of the data which could be only"shown".

本文所试图论证的要点可以被概括为：(1)维氏的&现象学阶段&可以被视为他关于&心理学的哲学&的长期学术兴趣的发端点——这一兴趣一直延续到他生命的终点，却并未体现于其早年作品《逻辑哲学论》之中；(2)通过将&原子命题&解释为对于感觉予料的最简单的描述（而不是像《逻辑哲学论》那样回避对于&原子命题&之所是的正面解说），维氏的&现象学阶段&乃是向我们展现了他该时期的哲学立场与罗素的经验论版本的&逻辑原子主义&之间的令人惊讶的亲缘关系；(3)通过否认任何试图用语言手段来标示或描述予料的企图，并通过对于予料自身的绝对性的展示，维氏对于他自己的&现象学&观念的批判实际上乃是复活了他在《逻辑哲学论》时代就已作出的对于&不可说性&与&可说性&的二分法。

J*F*Herbart's theory of apperception , J*Dewey's theory of experience and C*R*Rogers' theory of ego once promoted the development of instruction theory, but in the new century, there should be the new growing point for the development of the modern instructional theory.

赫尔巴特的统觉论、杜威的经验论以及罗杰斯的自我论等都曾促进了教学论的发展。在新的世纪，现代教学论的发展需要寻找新的生长点。

On the other hand, the more important thing is because the urban housing is a kind of heterogeneity products.

另一方面，更重要的是由于城市住房是一种异质性产品。

Climate histogram is the fall that collects place measure calm value, cent serves as cross axle for a few equal interval, the area that the frequency that the value appears according to place is accumulated and becomes will be determined inside each interval, discharge the graph that rise with post, also be called histogram.

气候直方图是将所收集的降水量测定值，分为几个相等的区间作为横轴，并将各区间内所测定值依所出现的次数累积而成的面积，用柱子排起来的图形，也叫做柱状图。