经营者

The idea creator's optimal choice on residual claims is positively correlated with both how he anticipates the operator's ability and how efficient he could monitor the operator. The returns to the idea creator and the operator are negatively correlated with the degree of information symmetry and the amount of insolvency remnant, but are positively correlated with the levels of asset prices.

就企业家合约生成而言，创意者和经营者的结合形成一个联体企业家，创意者对剩余索取权的最优要求随自己对经营者才干的预期以及对经营者的监管效率的增加而提高，经营者、投资者对其资产报酬的要求与信息对称程度、失败残值大小呈反向关系，而与资产价格指数呈正向关系。

Tries this kind of case when the judicial practice, we should face up to operator's legal advantage, gives dual attention to the consumer and operator's benefit balance, is clear about the operator to be able to control reasonably to its management behavior related dangerous source, from official standard, agreement standard and rational person's aspects and so on standard grasps the operator to pay attention to the voluntary the reasonable scope, decided whether the operator does undertake the right infringement responsibility mistake and the mistake size judgment standard is mainly an operator whether to violate the legal obligation, the agreement duty or the social life general attention duty.

在司法实践中审理此类案件时，我们应正视经营者的合法利益，兼顾消费者与经营者的利益平衡，明确经营者对其经营行为相关的危险源能够合理控制，从法定标准、约定标准及理性人的标准等方面把握经营者注意义务的合理范围，判断经营者过错及过错大小的标准主要是经营者是否违反法定义务、约定义务或社会生活的一般注意义务。

The underlying reasons include: the government"s role in establishing a hospitable environment for the managers remains to be improved; the supervision on both capital market and managers" market is far from satisfied; the official standard of managers selection; lack of the manager-specific incentive and restraint mechanism; the vacancy of the restraint system by corporation owners and the ill-founded corporate governance structure, and so on.

究其原因有：国家关于企业经营者管理的大环境还有待于改善、资本市场和经理人市场的监督约束机制不完善、企业社会政策目标和效率目标的双重存在、企业经营者选拔任用标准"行政化"、企业经营者离岗后缺乏社会保障和制度化报酬、缺少针对企业经营者的有别于党政干部的激励与约束机制、所有者约束机制缺位，没有形成规范的公司治理结构。

It has became the regardful focus to the enterprise owners and theorists that how to select a proper managers performance measurement indicator and set up the effective compensate incentive mechanism, so as to link up the incentive for managers with their performance, stimulate and restraint managers effectively, and reduce the conflicts between managers and stockholders.

如何选用合适的经营者业绩评价指标，建立有效的薪酬激励机制，把对经营者的激励与其真实的经营业绩挂钩，有效地激励和约束经营者，缓解经营者与股东之间的矛盾，这己成为企业所有者和理论界非常关心的问题，也是我国企业所有者对经营者激励的难点。

Another one is the lack of accurate understanding of operator "s need and proper administrable structure. Under the condition of market economy, operator"s incentive payment should sufficiently reflect human capital deposit, human capital price, human capital value as well as operators needs. The author points out this is the essential way to resolve the problem.

在市场经济条件下，经营者的激励报酬必须充分考虑经营者人力资本存量、市场定价，充分考虑经营者的人力资本价值及经营者的实际需要，笔者认为这些是解决我国国有企业经营者薪酬激励机制问题的基本思路。

Firstly, this paper discussed the principle and agent theory, the corporate governance theory and supervision theory. Second, the paper analyzed special several-levels principle-agent relations of the state-owned enterprise, and used the principle -agent theory and the game theory to analyze several problems caused by this, such as the supervision function avianization about the owner, the enterpriser"s rent-seeking activity, the enterpriser"s conspiracy behavior and the insider control. Thirdly, the paper discussed the present situation of the supervision and restraint system from the management model of the three-levels authorization, financial general supervision system, the corporate governance and the outsider supervision and restraint system. The paper thought that the supervision and restraint system had the following problems: supervision and restraint system was imperfect, the property right restraint was lack, the restraint system was administrative and the supervision system was deformity.

本文首先讨论了经营者监督约束机制的委托代理理论、公司治理理论和监督理论：其次，深入分析了国有企业特殊的多级委托代理关系，并用博弈理论及委托代理理论分析了由此产生的各种问题，如所有者监督职能弱化、国有企业经营者的寻租行为、国企经营者合谋及内部人控制等；再次，本文从三级授权经营模式、财务总监制、公司治理结构及经营者外部监督约束等方面研究了我国经营者监督约束机制的现状，本文认为国有企业经营者的监督与约束存在以下问题：国有股份多级代理与监督约束弱化；国家股东对国企经营者缺乏产权约束，监督约束机制不完善；国有股份高度集中与监督约束的行政化；监督约束机制单一化与监督约束畸形化。

Article 20 Manager shall bear the responsibility for compensating to the damage made by damager to the damaged party under the violation of the provision of this Law. Amount of the compensation shall be equivalent to the profit made by the damager during its damaging, if it is difficult to measure the amount of damage; And it also shall compensate the reasonable cost to the damaged party who has paid the cost to investigate the activities of unfair competition made by damager.

第二十条经营者违反本法规定，给被侵害的经营者造成损害的，应当承担损害赔偿责任，被侵害的经营者的损失难以计算的，赔偿额为侵权人在侵权期间因侵权所获得的利润；并应当承担被侵害的经营者因调查该经营者侵害其合法权益的不正当竞争行为所支付的合理费用。

Based on this, it dissects the managers' behavior seeking the enjoyment of the noncurrency. It analyses the substituting relation between the income and the enjoyment of the noncurrency in the case that the managers seek extending of the firms' scales in order to meet their desire of the power and the position, and then expounds the...

在此基础上，剖析了经营者追求非货币消费的行为；以经营者追求企业规模扩大（以满足其权力、地位的欲望等）行为为例分析了经营者货币收入与非货币消费之间的替代关系；并阐明了约束经营者过度的非货币消费行为的经营者报酬定价原则。

In order to strengthen the energy of enterprises, raise their ability of competition and realize their persistent development, we should set up a scientific and reasonable compensation system which can play a good role in the function of encouragement. Based on the review of theories about manager compensation management and performance salary management, this essay analyzes the problems of compensation system of one shipping corporation, and finds problems in manager's annual-salary plan and headquarter's post salary system. The manager's annual-salary plan brings subsidiary manager's near-sight behaviour and consigner-agent conflict.

本文在对经营者薪酬激励理论、绩效薪酬考核理论等薪酬管理理论的回顾的基础上，对某船公司薪酬管理制度现存问题进行了深入分析，发现某船公司子公司经营者年薪制与总部岗位效能工资制均存在着问题需要改进：子公司经营者年薪制在实施中造成经营者行为短期化、不能解决委托——代理矛盾等问题，导致各子公司经营者注重企业眼前利润而忽视企业长远发展能力，为获得较高的年薪收入竭泽而渔，提高当年营业利润，而忽视了谋划长期投资、提高研发能力、培养人才队伍等打造企业持续发展能力的工作。

These problems include subsidiary manager"s near-sight behaviour and consigner-agent conflict in annual-salary plan, and examinee is department but not clerk in headquarter"s post salary system and so on.

针对上海长江轮船公司子公司经营者年薪制存在的造成经营者行为短期化、不能解决委托——代理矛盾等问题、总部岗位效能工资制存在的考核对象针对部门而非员工个人等问题，借鉴薪酬管理理论，参考国际企业和国内优秀航运企业薪酬管理制度，分析我国国内宏观政策环境，在进行充分可行性分析的基础上，研究制订了子公司经营者股份增值权计划、总部员工绩效薪酬考核体系的改进方案，以充分发挥薪酬的约束激励作用，激励经营者创造企业长期利益，使经营者的个人利益与企业的利益达成一致，提高员工在报酬分配上的公正感和满意感，从而有效调动公司经营者和员工的积极性，形成一支有创造力、竞争力的人才队伍，提高企业综合竞争能力，实现企业的可持续发展。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了