经济学的

By putting forward a research method on the history of mathematical economics through the synthesis of the intrinsic and extrinsic historical factors , the author examines some issues in the early devel-opment of mathematical economics in the light of arithmetization of analysis.

提出研究数理经济学史的内、外史相结合的方法，并以十九世纪分析算术化为背景，用该方法探讨了数理经济学早期发展的若干问题，指出数学基础尚未完善的问题是1870年前在经济研究中应用数学方法的主要障碍，而以分析算术化为代表的数学基础重建则是此后数理经济学迅猛兴起的重要原因。

Think, the traditional economics research about human problem is more the ground is the premise that regards research as economic problem, new system economics revised the human hypothesis point of view in traditional economics afresh, undertook immediateness real research more to human problem, and as a result of,be in charge of criterion of a Confucian school of idealist philosophy of the Song and Ming Dynasties its core problem -- the management to the person, accordingly, its formed management to learn the serious content of research to the research itself of human problem.

认为，传统经济学有关人性新问题的探究更多地是作为探究经济新问题的前提，新制度经济学则重新修正了传统经济学中的人性假设观点，对人性新问题进行了更接近现实的探究，而管理学则由于其核心新问题——对人的管理，因此，其对人性新问题的探究本身就构成了管理学探究的重要内容。

Through the study of cost-contrasting analysis, it indicates that the cost of web-based education has obvious advantage comparing with traditional education of TsinghuaUniversity and internal traditional education. In contrast with the cost construction and economic features of the first and second generation distance education, the web-based education of Tsinghua University shows the economic features of capital/technology intensiveness ,not the feature of labour intensiveness which traditional face-to-face education has demonstrated.

在成本的比较研究中表明，清华大学网络教育相对于清华大学传统教育以及国内传统高等教育具有明显的成本优势；在同第一、二代传统远程教育的成本结构和经济学特征的比较中发现，清华大学网络教育仍显现出资金密集型的经济学特征，而不是劳动密集型即向传统面授教育回归的经济学特征。

Up to now, most of the economists insist on efficiency in Social Security. After the analysis of the character and status of Basic Endowment Insurance, based on Keynesianism, I brought forward that Social Security, especially the Endowment Insurance System, should insist on the fair as the most important things.

笔者在分析基本养老保险的性质及其在中国经济发展中所占地位的基础上，结合凯恩斯的经济学思想，提出了社会保障，特别是基本养老保险体系要以"公平"为原则的经济学观点，并采用社会学和经济学相结合的分析方法，运用统计和精算原理，通过实证分析对于我国基本养老保险的公平问题进行了研究。

The economic law subject is applied to explain the specific institutions of economic law, while economic law act is the media to explain economic law subject theory. This part is directed by the human value pre-establishment of economic law to establish the analyzing tool for corresponding economic law subject, i.e., act economics, and act law and economics.

经济法主体理论解释力的媒介是经济法行为，因此，本部分以经济法的人性价值预设为先导，由此确定了与此相适应的经济法主体的行为分析工具，即行为经济学和行为法经济学，并对该分析工具的核心思想、理论优势以及实际效用进行了阐释，最终明晰了行为法经济学与经济法主体行为分析的契合。

This thsis analyzes water-saving irrigation technology economical character, technology providers' behaviors, supplying model, supplying efficiency, system inspiritment and technology application affecting factors on the basis of resource economics, system economics, informition economics and sustainable development theory.

本文以资源经济学、制度经济学、信息经济学和可持续发展理论为指导，对节水灌溉技术的经济特征、技术供给主体的供给行为、供给模式和供给效率、技术应用中的制度激励等进行剖析，对影响节水灌溉技术应用的因素进行了实证分析。

Furthermore, the knowledge accumulated on the nature of the innovation diffusion process is still rather limited and without a satisfactory theoretical framework. Based on microeconomics, games theory, and environmental economics, a general economic model of REET diffusion is established in this thesis, which combines the market equilibrium and the Stackelburg equilibrium.

本文在微观经济学、博弈论和环境经济学基础上，构建了一个一般性的可再生能源与节能技术推广经济学模型，将代表市场制度的市场均衡和代表政府干预制度的Stackelburg均衡有机结合在一起，为定量研究以可持续发展为导向的可再生能源与节能技术推广的体制与政策提供了理论依据。

With regard to the government interference question, economics often takes it as an economic variable quantity. As in economics, adopting different premising hypothesis will lead to different conclusions, which means that economics only explains various possible choices of government interference. Choice of certain government interference mode only reflects the economist's value tendency to a great extent.

对于政府干预问题，经济学往往把其作为一个经济变量来看待，由于在经济学中，采用不同的前提性假设会导致不同的结论，这意味着，经济学只是对政府干预的诸多可能的选择进行解释，某种政府干预模式的选择很大程度上仅仅反映经济学家本人的价值观倾向。

"Imperialism of economics", as a specific appellation on the phenomenon economics' expansion in its research field, it helps and richens the other social science, and does so for itself by intruding into the social sciences nearby.

&经济学帝国主义&作为经济学扩展自己研究领域这种现象的特定称谓，通过&侵入&其他社会科学的边界，在援助和丰富经济学自身的同时，也在援助和丰富邻近的社会科学。

"Economic man", one of the most important early rationales of western economics and management, is a basic hypothesis of human's economic behavaiour motive. It exerts great influence on western society as well as the western economics and management development.

&经济人&是西方经济学和管理学关于人的经济行为动机的一个基本假设，是西方经济学和管理学早期最重要的理论基础，对西方社会及西方经济学和管理学的发展产生了重要影响。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。