经济学的

On putting forward a research method of the history of mathematical economics by synthesizing the intrinsic and extrinsic historical factors, the author examines some problems in the early development of mathematical economics in the light of arithmetization of analysis.

提出研究数理经济学史内、外史结合的一种方法，并用该方法以 1 9世纪分析算术化为背景，考察了数理经济学早期发展的若干问题，指出数学基础问题是 1 870年前在经济学中应用数学方法的主要障碍，以分析算术化为代表的数学基础重建则是此后数理经济学迅猛兴起的重要条件。

During the process of analyzing its reasons,in the terms of logic,the thesis proceeds from international to the domestic,from the whole nation to the west region,from under system to system itself;in the terms of contents,the thesis respectively uses relevant theories of micro-economics,public economics and institutional economics as well as the most newly research result named "flypaper effect" in the field of financial grants.

对这一模式原因的分析过程中，在逻辑上循着国际到国内、全国到西部、制度下到制度本身这样一条线；在内容上则分别运用了微观经济学、公共经济学、制度经济学、以及财政转移支付研究领域有关的最新研究成果"粘蝇纸效应"等各个方面的理论，从各个不同角度分析和论证。

Proudhon is the first thinker who attempts to economicalize philosophy and philosophize economics. He has offered inspiration and promotion for the economic turn of Marist philosophy.

蒲鲁东是第一个自觉地将哲学经济学化、经济学哲学化努力的思想家，他对马克思实现哲学的经济学转向具有重要启示和推动力。

We should not deny mathematization of economics in the face of the complexity of economic phenomenon or just because of occasional successes achieved by some economists without using mathematics. Mathematization will become a mainstream. Meanwhile, it would be better to form a multi-layer pattern for economic research approaches.

不能因为经济现象的复杂性、部分经济学家不用数学同样取得成功来否定经济学数学化，经济学数学化会成为一种主流趋势，同时，经济学研究的方法也应该形成一个多元化的格局。

We should not deny the role of mathematization in economics due to the complexity of economic phenomena or the successes achieved by some economists not use mathematics.

不能因为经济现象的复杂性、部分经济学家不用数学同样取得成功来否定经济学数学化，经济学数学化会成为一种主流趋势，同时，经济学研究也应该形成一个多元化的格局。

From this part, we should understand the course which people have realized the function of consumption in east and west economics, especially the long-time discuss on the relation of consumption and production. In the west economics, there are Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Boisguilbert, Quesnay, Turgot, Sismondi and so on in the classical economics; Say, Malthus in the philistine plutonomy; Marshall, Pigou, Veblen, Pareto and so on in imperialist period; Keynes, Rostov, Mole and so on in the modern west economics.

西方经济学中关于消费的思想从历史来看，主要包括：古典经济学中亚当·斯密、李嘉图、布阿贝尔吉尔、魁奈等人的消费思想和西斯蒙第的"消费居先论"；庸俗政治经济学中法国的萨伊、英国的马尔萨斯等人的消费思想；帝国主义历史时期马歇尔、凡勃伦等人的消费思想；现代西方经济学中凯恩斯、罗斯托、莫尔、加尔布雷茨等人的消费思想。

Actually, economics is originally learn after the flesh, the daily life that economics leaves from form of regression of superorganic learning hall, proved those who use to economics is one is sent from this learn, learn practically.

其实，经济学原本就是一门世俗之学，经济学从形而上的学术殿堂回归形而下的日常生活，由此证明了经济学是一门致用之学、实用之学。

The issue of competitiveness analysis of urban tourism industry came to my mind under the above backdrop.The study is aiming at developing and summating the present theory system of this issue as well as the practicing method.

论文研究主要涉及管理学、竞争力理论、产业经济学、城市经济学、区域经济学以及旅游学等领域的相关理论，主要采用案例分析与规范研究、定性分析与定量分析的方法，对城市旅游产业竞争力进行系统研究。

The economics specialisations offered in the programme are "Institutional Economics","International Institutional Economics","Markets and Innovation","Economics and Globalisation", and "Economic Policy".

经济学中的方案提供的专长是&经济学&，&国际经济学&，&市场与创新&，&经济与全球化&，&经济政策&。

From this part, we should understand the course which people have realized the function of consumption in east and west economics, especially the long-time discuss on the relation of consumption and production. In the west economics, there are Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Boisguilbert, Quesnay, Turgot, Sismondi and so on in the classical economics; Say, Malthus in the philistine plutonomy; Marshall, Pigou, Veblen, Pareto and so on in imperialist period; Keynes, Rostov, Mole and so on in the modern west economics.

西方经济学中关于消费的思想从历史来看，主要包括：古典经济学中亚当·斯密、李嘉图、布阿贝尔吉尔、魁奈等人的消费思想和西斯蒙第的&消费居先论&；庸俗政治经济学中法国的萨伊、英国的马尔萨斯等人的消费思想；帝国主义历史时期马歇尔、凡勃伦等人的消费思想；现代西方经济学中凯恩斯、罗斯托、莫尔、加尔布雷茨等人的消费思想。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。