经济学的

Chapter 1 generally describes domestic and foreign situation of the sports industry. Chapter 2 studies the background and significance of China's Sports Derivatives Industry, and its relations between 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and the development of sports derivatives. Chapter 3, from the viewpoint of commercialization of sports development strategy, mainly analyzes the current situation and problems in the sports lottery industry and proposes the idea of " state lottery by state" and the establishment of a new operating system of sports lottery to raise the creditability and sportsmanship of sports lotteries, and the sports media industry should develop in the direction of the commercialization and the market and a competition mechanism and the mode of operation of business should be introduced into the media. Chapter 4 explains the status of the Sporting Goods Industry, analyzes the impact of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games on the industry and explores the Sporting Goods Industry Development Strategy. Chapter 5 analyzes the current situation of China's sports brokage, studies the four major sports effect from the viewpoint of economics and proposes development strategies of China's sports brokage.

第1章对体育衍生产业的国内外情况加以综述；第2章研究我国体育衍生产业的背景与意义以及北京2008奥运会与体育衍生产业的发展关系；第3章从商品化的竞技体育发展战略切入，主要分析了体育博彩业与媒体业的现状与问题，提出体育彩票业应根据"国家的彩票国家办"的思想，建立新的彩票经营体制—国有彩票公司来经营体育彩票，加强体育彩票的体育性和提高其信誉度，体育媒体业应朝商业化与市场化方向发展，建议媒体应引入竞争机制和采用商业化的经营模式；第4章阐释了体育用品业现状问题，分析了北京2008奥运会对体育用品业的影响，探讨体育用品业的发展战略；第5章分析我国体育经纪业的现状与问题，从经济学的角度分析了体育经纪业的四大效应，提出体育经纪业的发展战略。

Against this background, the paper, with the research methods of ethics and economics, and looking into the question from the characteristics of economicality and ethicality, individuality and collectiveness of the mankind, analyzes the ethical connotations of economic cooperation, ponders on the ethical problems which hinder Cooperation, and discusses the solutions to these problems from the perspective of cooperative revenue, cooperative hazard, and cooperative trust, in an attempt to promote trust, reduce cooperative trust, and gain both ethical and economic benefits.

本文正是在这一背景下，主要运用伦理学的原理、并借助经济学的研究方法从人的&经济性&与&道德性&、&个体性&与&群体性&的特点入手，分析了经济合作的道德内涵，思索了困惑合作的道德方面的难题，并从合作利益、合作风险、合作信任等方面对问题的解决进行探讨，力图能够增进信任、降低合作成本，实现经济与道德的双重收益。

First, it designs a model of medical care price level regulation in China. The model is based on the natural monopoly price level regulation theory and model, considering the particularity of medical care service market, the main problems of medical care price regulation in China, the change of price index, the imbursement for the cost of service provided to the poor and the information held by the regulator. Second, the mode of medical care provider payment is seen as an important part of medical care price regulation content, and the impact of different payment system especially diagnostic related groups system on medical care costs and quality are analyzed. This develops the basic theory of medical care price regulation to some extent.

一是以自然垄断产业价格水平规制理论和模型为基础，结合医疗服务市场的特殊性与我国医疗服务价格规制的实践，对医疗服务价格水平规制的基础进行深入分析，综合考虑物价指数的变动、为弱势人群提供医疗服务的成本补偿以及医疗服务价格规制者掌握信息等因素，提出我国医疗服务价格水平规制的理论模型；二是将医疗费用支付方式作为医疗服务价格规制的重要内容，并从规制经济学的角度对不同规制模式尤其是按病种预付制对医疗费用和医疗服务质量的影响进行了理论分析，在一定程度上拓展了医疗服务价格规制的基本理论。

It is an objective psychological guarantee system in view of psychology, is a result of utilitarian calculations, and an institutionally and structurally operative system in view of managerial science.

可以这样认为，契约型政府信任关系是在对社会制度和治理秩序的主观设计和建构中历史生成的，从哲学的角度看，它经历了一个从怀疑主义到契约论的过程；从心理学的角度看，它为与国家二元分立中的社会提供了一种客观性的心理保障机制；从经济学的角度看，它是个体功利性计算的集体选择；从管理学的角度看，它的制度化具有组织化的可操作性。

All the debunked mercantilistic arguments"— that is, claims that nations who subsidize their exports effectively steal jobs from other countries —"turn out to be valid.

萨缪尔森晚期的一篇经典的论文吧，他可是几乎创造了现代经济学的人：&随着就业率达不到全面就业的水平……所有的那些荒诞不经的有关于重商主义者的论调&——也就是说，宣称那些进行出口补贴的国家们有效的从其他的国家里偷走了工作的说法——&变得有理有据起来了。&

Let me quote from a classic paper by the late Paul Samuelson, who more or less created modern economics:"With employment less than full ... all the debunked mercantilistic arguments"- that is, claims that nations who subsidize their exports effectively steal jobs from other countries -"turn out to be valid."

让我引用一句差不多创造了现代经济学的保罗萨缪尔森的经典理论来说：&不完全的就业完全暴漏的重商主义的争论&--也就是说，这种观点认为，给自己的出口补贴的国家偷走了其他国家的工作机会--&证明结果是正当的。&

In this paper, from an economic perspective,"Cherry Orchard" heroine Liu Fu-shell several consumer behavior and actions, and from Russia's national Tete and aristocratic class of sick of living in such areas as

本文从经济学的角度来分析《樱桃园》中女主人公柳苞芙的几次消费行为和举动，并且分别从俄罗斯民族的特特性和贵族阶级的病态生活等方面进行分析她呈现这种状态的原因，以及契诃夫对于这部剧作中人物的态度，表达了作者自己的乐观态度，以积极的来面来面对未来的生活。

In this paper, the relation between institution and urbanization is researched on the dimension of new institution economy: In the research of urbanization process, institution connotation, institution flux, institution function and classification are involved in, and then the mechanism how institution influences urbanization process and the flux and the institution system of urbanization process are put forward.

为此，本文从新制度经济学的维度，对制度和城市化的关系进行了研究，将制度的内涵、制度的变迁、制度的功能和制度的分类等制度理论引入城市化进程研究之中，提出了制度影响城市化进程的机制，城市化进程中制度的变迁、城市化进程中的制度体系等。

His economic thought about the Industrial Revolution included: an amendment to laisser faire which he believed that if only were everybody's freedom guaranteed, promoting social welfare could been realized; enclosure being a pre-condition to the agricultural progress in Britain and the establishment of individualist ownership being a law in civilized societies; and also, a refutation to the wage-fund theory of classical economics by logic and evidence and its conclusion about the improvement of workers' living standard in the Industrial Revolution.

汤因比的有关经济思想主要包括三方面：对自由理论提出了修正，认为只有保证所有人的自由才能促进全社会的福利；将圈地视为英国现代农业进步的前提，并认可个人所有权的建立是文明社会发展的趋势；从理论和事实上批判了古典经济学的工资理论，同时也得出了工业革命中工人的生活水平不断改善的结论。

Based on the study of scholars at home and abroad and from the point of theoretical and empirical study, this paper analyses the impact of foreign trade and FDI over China's business cycle using many econometric methods such as Unit Root Test, Co-integration Tests, Granger Test, Pulse-response Function and variance decomposition based on VAR model and draws the conclusion as follows:Firstly,there is a close relationship among foreign trade, FDI and business cycle. Foreign trade and FDI are the important transmission channel of the economic cycle. Secondly, the impact to economic fluctuation from foreign trade is greater than that of FDI. Thirdly, In the long time, there is fine interactive circulation among foreign trade, FDI and economic growth. When the short-term deviation from equilibrium happens, there is a self-balanced mechanism in the system.Fourthly,the active effect outweighs the negative effect which the foreign trade and FDI brings.

本文在国内外学者研究成果的基础上，从理论和实证两个方面，运用单位根检验、协整检验、格兰杰因果检验、基于VAR模型的脉冲响应分析及方差分解等计量经济学的方法，从比较的角度分析了对外贸易及FDI对我国经济周期波动的影响，得出结论如下：首先，对外贸易、FDI与我国经济的波动有着显著的关系，二者是传递经济周期的重要渠道；其次，对外贸易对我国经济波动的影响要大于FDI的作用；第三，长期看我国FDI、对外贸易和经济增长之间形成良好的互动循环，当系统短期内偏离均衡状态时，系统存在一个自我均衡机制；第四，对外贸易及FDI对我国经济周期波动产生的积极效应要远大于它所带来的负面效应。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。