经济学的

This is a Benthamite theory that I shall name the 'economy of threats' and is the contention that the required conditions of responsibility—e.g.

这是一种我将称之为"威吓的经济学"的边沁理论，其是这样一种论点，即责任的必需的条件——例如：行为人知道他正在做什么，未受到明显的强制或胁迫，不是精神病人或小孩——只不过是这样一些条件，如果刑法所宣告的惩罚的威吓要有任何效果，而且如果刑法制度要在确保以最小的痛苦的代价维护法律方面有效，它们便必须得到满足。

Against this background, the paper, with the research methods of ethics and economics, and looking into the question from the characteristics of economicality and ethicality, individuality and collectiveness of the mankind, analyzes the ethical connotations of economic cooperation, ponders on the ethical problems which hinder Cooperation, and discusses the solutions to these problems from the perspective of cooperative revenue, cooperative hazard, and cooperative trust, in an attempt to promote trust, reduce cooperative trust, and gain both ethical and economic benefits.

本文正是在这一背景下，主要运用伦理学的原理、并借助经济学的研究方法从人的"经济性"与"道德性"、"个体性"与"群体性"的特点入手，分析了经济合作的道德内涵，思索了困惑合作的道德方面的难题，并从合作利益、合作风险、合作信任等方面对问题的解决进行探讨，力图能够增进信任、降低合作成本，实现经济与道德的双重收益。

Defective economic manis defined as fuzzy-headed rational man and he pursuefor benefit not only economic benefit but also non-economic benefit.Then he purchases not onlygoods in physical form but also goods in non-physical form such as national defence through taxpayment.

为了将许多传统意义上的非经济因素纳入经济学的研究范畴，本文提出了非物化商品的概念，从而扩大了商品的范围，使得我们对"有缺陷的经济人"追求的经济利益和非经济利益能够综合起来一起考虑，完成了作为"有缺陷的经济人"的消费者的行为模式分析。

In the current study in China through the property services industry pricing model research and analysis, these two find the current property services pricing of existing problems and shortcomings, that China\'s property services pricing requirements, the property services industry focus on Hotelling Model of a practical method of analysis, in reference to the Hotelling model based on the combination of game theory and the theory of economics and characteristics of China\'s property services can be established as far as the property owners of both enterprises and service needs as much as possible To meet the price model, on the basis of our property services business of the new pricing model.

在研究中通过对现行中国物业服务行业的定价模式的研究分析，找到目前这两种物业服务定价方式存在的问题和缺陷，得出对于中国物业服务定价的要求，重点对物业服务行业对霍特林模型研究方法的实用性进行了分析，从而在参考霍特林模型的基础上，结合博弈论和经济学的相关理论以及中国物业服务特点建立能够尽量让物业服务企业和业主双方需求尽可能达到满足时的价格模型，在此基础上探讨我国物业服务企业定价的新模式。

The agency efficiency of the second-hand house brokerage market is evaluated based on the customer\'s angle of view;use the method of the compare system economics to analyze the efficiency of the agency system with the buyer\'s commission paying,the open listing agency, the mediacy agency,the communication division and the percentage commission structure, and point out that all agency systems are efficient except the buyer\'s commission paying; bring forward the countermeasure to enhance the agency efficiency of the second-hand house brokerage market.

基于顾客价值视角对我国二手房经纪市场的代理效率进行了间接衡量；利用比较制度经济学的方法分别对我国二手房经纪市场佣金的买方单方支付、多家上市代理、居间代理、信息分割及百分比佣金结构等代理制度的有效性进行了分析，指出除佣金的买方单方支付是一种相对有效的制度安排外，其余代理制度都是无效的代理制度安排，与之相对应的独家代理、分离的买方与卖方代理、信息共享及包含差价的佣金结构则是有效的代理制度安排；提出了提高我国二手房经纪市场代理效率的对策建议。

New-made degree of for example contemporary main current economics of in the development of 'The world of Adam Smith ', almost is at a kind of ideal bargain expenses for zero of the 'the system get empty to lack ' theories suppose under carry on its theories to analyze to set up and model, this is totally different with true mankind's society, trading expensive reality of expenses in China a system set up the process particularly under, how lower to trade expenses effectively is the problem that needs consideration urgently.

比如当代主流的新制度经济学的"科斯世界"的发展中，几乎是在一种理想的交易费用为零的"制度空缺"理论假设下进行其理论分析和模型构建，这与真实的人类社会是相去甚远的，尤其在中国一个制度构建过程中交易费用昂贵的现实下，如何有效的降低交易费用是急需考虑的问题。

In this paper, we made a specification on the random variables of utility function with Odd I Larsen's research results, also chose a logit discrete choice model for estimation of Norwegian data, and got the relationship between private car use and costs.

本文采用了基本的微观经济学的消费者效用最大化理论作为模型的基础，在效用函数的随机变量部分采用了挪威莫尔德大学的Odd I Larsen 教授等的计算方法，并采取了logit 离散选择假设，对挪威的汽车消费数据进行了估算，得出了关于挪威汽车消费与汽车费用关系的一些有价值的结论，并推出了相关的政策建议。

This paper uses the neo-political economics method to analyze the strategic choice of foreign exchange rate regime. Taken China's economic situation into consideration, we built a theoretical and a Probit empirical model on optimal exchange rate regime. This is instructive to Chinese government on how to realize the established objectives by setting an optimal exchange rate regime on the stage of the world economics.

本文利用汇率制度战略选择的新政治经济学的方法，结合中国经济发展的现状和Probit经验分析的结果，提出了最优汇率制度选择的理论依据，这对我国政府如何在世界经济的舞台上通过确立最优的汇率制度，进而实现既定的政策目标有着积极的指导意义。

;Comparative;statics;is;that;mathematical;technique;by;which;an;economic;model;is;investigated;to;determine;if;refutable;hypotheses;are;forthcoming.;By;the;process;the;theories;in;economics;is;logically;simulated;for;the;testing;of;the;theories.;All;of;which;construct;the;paradigm;of;economics.;With;this;paradigm,;it;makes;out;by;the;comparative;statics;of;Shaanxi;province;developing;strategy—one;line,;two;zones—that;the;necessary;testing;condition;of;the;strategy's;theory;holding;is;that;the;government;investments;have;to;make;the;central;zones;increase;faster;than;the;other;areas;do.;Otherwise,;it;will;not;be;a;good;strategy.;Say,;if;the;north;of;Shaanxi;increase;faster;than;central;zones;do,;then;it;can;verify;the;strategy;is;not;a;good;one.

学研究的范式——比较静态分析，是一种技术，通过这一技术，理论可以被考察研究，以确定理论的可驳斥假说，它是对进行的一种符合的仿真。具体讲，比较静态分析是通过逻辑运算，模拟理论的可驳斥命题即检验条件是什么，从而为理论的验证提供方法。用经济学的研究范式对陕西省"一线两带"的比较静态分析显示，此战略成立的必要条件之一是：随着战略的实施即政府对极化地区的投入，其产出增加应该比其它地区产出增加大，否则这一战略就不成立。也就是说，如果陕北或陕南经济发展更快，集中投资于西安等中心城市，并不是更好的战略。

In 1840, What is Property made Proudhon the most outstanding French socialist.

论文要点如下：第一，基于思想史的视阈对马克思与蒲鲁东在19世纪40年代中期以前的理论关系进行了比较系统的考察。1840年，蒲鲁东以《什么是所有权》中对资产阶级经济学的前提——&财产&的挑战进入法国最杰出社会主义者的行列。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。