经济学的

The evolution of development economics is closely related to the development of economic globalization , particularly at the third phase(in 1940's) of economic globalization , during which development economics in modern sense sprang up. Its main research is about how the poverty - stricken agricultural countries or developing countries achieve industrialization. From its appearance to before 1980's, development economics consists of two forming phases of structuralism and neo - classicism. Since 1980's , in the tide of new economic globalization ,development economics has new tendency and is faced with predicaments.

发展经济学的产生与发展和经济全球化的发展有密切的关系，特别是在经济全球化进入第三阶段，即20 世纪40 年代，现代意义上的发展经济学兴起，其主要是研究贫困落后的农业国家或发展中国家如何实现工业化的问题，发展经济学从兴起到80 年代以前，可分为结构主义和新古典主义两个发展阶段。80 年代以来，在新的经济全球化的浪潮中，发展经济学既出现了新的发展趋势，也面临着困境。

ChapterⅡreviewed the thoughts with utilitarian style of two great thinkers——Bentham and Beccaria, the representatives of classical school of crime. Although their research can not be considered modern economic research, their thoughts contained the essence of economics of crime, and their studies have laid a solid theoretical foundation of modern deterrent theory for the subsequent economic research on deterrence.

本章首先回顾了具有浓厚功利主义风格的两位古典犯罪学派代表人物贝卡里亚和边沁的研究，他们的研究尽管不能被认为是现代经济学的研究，但他们深刻的思想却包含着经济学的很多精髓，而且，他们的研究为后来的犯罪经济学理论研究尤其是威慑理论奠定了坚实的理论基础，也是现代经济学威慑理论的思想源头。

The economics of modern Shandong cameralistics courtyard that talks Chinese economics teachs the economy of Xu thunder China to need modernization, same, chinese economics also needs modernization.

论中国经济学的现代化山东财政学院经济学教授徐雷中国的经济需要现代化，同样，中国的经济学也需要现代化。

As a typical ideologist's economics, the China's traditional economics betrayed the classic purpose of Marx's economics that it vigorously publicized.

作为一种典型的意识形态主义经济学，中国传统经济学研究背叛了它所极力鼓吹的马克思经济学的古典宗旨。

Before the middle of the nineteen century, around 1850, before this time, everything was political economy, but around the middle of the nineteen century, a group of people broke with political economy to start economics, you don't need to know the names, Marshal, Jevons, mostly British political economist who wanted more scientific, more narrow, more focused on scholarship, no focus on history.

在19世纪中叶以前，也就是1850年左右，在此之前，一切都是政治经济学的范畴，但是到了19世纪中叶，一群人打破了政治经济学的领域，开创了经济学，大家无需知道每个人的名字，有马歇尔，杰文斯，他们中大多数原本是英国政治经济学家，他们想要更科学化，更精细，更专注于学术，而不是关注历史。

The reanalysis of the rule whether a natural person can be sentenced to death penalty in a unit criminal case according to the deterrence hypothesis;5. the reanalysis in the view from economics of the double-penalty system in a unit crime by the rule of effectiveness, and the rationality of applying liberty-penalty to a judiciary party;6. the punishing rule applied to the co-crime of natural person and judicial party by the rule of local balance.

第一部分，法经济学的本质—效率和公正浑然一体，是全文的理论基础，主要将法学和经济学各自具有的不同原则(即法学的公正原则和经济学的效率原则)进行了大致介绍，同时从两大学科对社会生活的本质研究的一致性(即均是研究社会权益配置的合理性)来分析两大学科是如何达到相融，从而形成法经济学这门交叉学科的必然性。

But, the vulgarization process of economics is economics principle not only popularize a process, also be certain economics popularizes a process fallaciously likely.

但是，经济学的世俗化过程不仅是经济学原理的普及过程，也有可能是某些经济学谬误的普及过程。

It is with the close relationship of monetary economics and macroeconomics above all germinant, give the research of monetary economics categorical fixed position.

首先以货币经济学和宏观经济学的紧密关系为开端，给货币经济学的研究范畴定位。

The dissertation,on the consideration of our practical operation especially analyzes the compatibility of Limited tied up Corporation in China, and puts forward corresponding policy suggestions.Based on the analysis of topic selection and back-looking of relevant literatures, with the implements of Information Economy,Principal-Agent Theory, Inspiration Theory, Investment-Return Theory,Anticipate-Utility and so on,the dissertation first sets up the theory model on the generation of the venture capital institution,and then analyzes the necessity and the rationality of its generation. The dissertation mainly gets to the following conclusions:① TechnologicaI economy becomes the main driven factor for economic growth,which enable the generation of enterprise capital.

本文将对创业投资问题的研究重点放在创业投资机构的组织形式与治理上，运用信息经济学、制度经济学、金融学以及相关的经济学理论，从研究创业投资机构产生的背景着手，从经济学的角度把握创业投资机构这一金融中介机构组织形式产生的原因，进而阐述典型的创业投资机构组织形式及其治理问题，并结合我国创业投资机构发展的实际状况，重点分析有限合伙制在我国发展的适应性，提出针对性的建议。

Although the individualism methodology is always aprinciple in main stream western economics,it is continuouslycriticized by some branches of economics.With the fusion ofmodern science and economics,the wholism methodology is paidmore and more attention by economists.

虽然经济学要领论的个体主义不停是西方主流经济学的一个要领论原则，但是它始终受到了非主流经济学的批驳，而且随着今世科学与经济学团结的日益加深，团体主义要领论越来越受到经济学家的珍视。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。