经济学家

This book is chiefly addressed to my fellow economists. I hope that it will be intelligible to others.

这本书首先是为我的同事经济学家们而写作的，我希望其他读者也能读懂它。

Then who is the interferer of today's world economic operation pattern?

今年以来，经济学家们几乎都快失业了：无论是在分析资本市场、商品价格，还是在分析经济形势和政策取向时，他们最常说的一句话就是"看不懂"。

One, problem of introductive north and south is one of the mainest tasks that current economist place should be dedicated to considering.

一、前言南北问题是当前经济学家所应该致力研究的最重要的课题之一。

Irritatingly for economists , people change their preferences mysteriously and irrationally .

刺目的经济学家，改变人们的喜好神秘理性。

The second chapter points out,the theories of the threeclassical economists,David Hume,Adam Smith and David Richardslaid the theoretical basis for the international value standard,denying the theory and practice of the national value standardproposed by John Law and Ben jamin Franklin.

第二章指出，休谟、斯密和李嘉图这三位著名的古典经济学家奠定了国际价值标准的理论基础，否定了约翰·罗和富兰克林的国家价值标准的理论和实践。

"The lack of clarity from the politicians has shattered confidence," said David Owen, chief European financial economist at Jefferies.

"政治家的意图不够明朗，这动摇了市场信心，"Jefferies首席欧洲金融经济学家戴维欧文表示。

In the 1870's the economist Jevons wrote "I hesitate to say that it is impossible to measure the feelings of the human heart".

在十八世纪七十年代，经济学家Jevons写道"我很犹豫地说测量人类的心理感觉是不可能的"。

Before the middle of the nineteen century, around 1850, before this time, everything was political economy, but around the middle of the nineteen century, a group of people broke with political economy to start economics, you don't need to know the names, Marshal, Jevons, mostly British political economist who wanted more scientific, more narrow, more focused on scholarship, no focus on history.

在19世纪中叶以前，也就是1850年左右，在此之前，一切都是政治经济学的范畴，但是到了19世纪中叶，一群人打破了政治经济学的领域，开创了经济学，大家无需知道每个人的名字，有马歇尔，杰文斯，他们中大多数原本是英国政治经济学家，他们想要更科学化，更精细，更专注于学术，而不是关注历史。

Menger, Jevons and Walras three economists were described in the price or value of the exchange by their marginal utility to decide, rather than their full value or usefulness of the decision, because water is abundant, A flat increase in the water very cheap, and diamonds are extremely rare, diamonds are expensive to increase.

问题补充：门格尔、杰文斯和瓦尔拉斯三个经济学家分别说明了价格或交换价值是由它们的边际效用来决定，而不是由它们的全部效用或使用价值决定，因为水是丰富的，增加一单位水很便宜，而钻石是极端稀缺的，增加钻石是昂贵的。

Simon Junker, economist at Commerzbank in Frankfurt, said business confidence surveys and orders in the pipeline suggested German exports would continue to grow in coming months – but their dynamism might start to slow as a result of the problems facing Greece and other highly indebted eurozone countries.

驻法兰克福的德国商业银行经济学家西蒙·容克表示，商业信心调查和近期有望得到的订单似乎表明，未来数月德国出口将继续增长，但由于希腊和其它债台高筑的欧元区国家面对各种问题，德国出口的势头可能开始减弱。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。