经济学家

In the 19th century Léon Walras and William Stanley Jevons both started their work with a view to importing the insights of physics into the economic sphere.

经济学家总是热衷于借鉴自然科学的基本原理。19世纪，莱昂·瓦尔拉(Léon Walras)和威廉·斯担利·杰文斯都开始着眼于将物理学的真知灼见引入经济学领域。20世纪初，伟大的新古典主义经济学家欧文·费雪甚至是在物理学家的指导下撰写的自己的博士论文。

Economists have always been keen to borrow principles from the hard sciences. In the 19th century Léon Walras and William Stanley Jevons both started their work with a view to importing the insights of physics into the economic sphere.

经济学家总是热衷于借鉴自然科学的基本原理。19世纪，莱昂·瓦尔拉(Léon Walras)和威廉·斯担利·杰文斯都开始着眼于将物理学的真知灼见引入经济学领域。20世纪初，伟大的新古典主义经济学家欧文·费雪甚至是在物理学家的指导下撰写的自己的博士论文。

Be in whole in 20 century, chinese economist is the student of foreign economist from beginning to end it seems that, no matter what they learn is classical, Marxism, mix now still in the Keynesia creed of Chinese popularity neoclassicism.

在整个20世纪里，中国经济学家似乎始终是外国经济学家的学生，不论他们学的是古典主义、马克思主义，还是当今在中国流行的凯恩斯主义和新古典主义。

Since the nineteenth century, the dominant view of economists, at least those of the developed world, has been that an open, nondiscriminatory trading system among nations would maximize global economic welfare.

19世纪以来，经济学家（至少是发达国家的经济学家）的基本观点是，各国之间一个开放的、非歧视性的贸易体系能使世界获得最大的经济利益。

Let us not forget that Western economists during the early decades of industrialization and even in the time of varshall and Pigou often connected additional food for workers with increases in labor productivity.

我们不要忘记，早期的经济学家，甚至到了马歇尔和毕古时代的经济学家，仍然经常把多余的食品与劳动力的生产效率联系在一起。

In previous article of this column, the writer said,"The global food crisis is a conspiracy intentionally directed by America." Now more and more evidences prove that to a large extent, the soaring international oil price is also led by America.

我看是经济学失灵了，因为没有任何理由能够说明，今天的经济学家们水平太差，否则，为什么世界银行会聘请林毅夫先生去担任首席经济学家呢？

This essay has three difficulties: First, difficulty of conception foundation: how to grasp conception foundation, historical background and theory origin of positive economic paradigm and normative economic paradigm from a historical and philosophical perspective? Second, difficulty of formalization system: the viewpoints of positive economists and normative economists are very jumble, this paper tries to clear up the formers' theories, sums up and synthesizes various standpoints, and make it form systematism and standardization. Third, difficulty of combination in visual angle: combining economics and philosophy, resurvey some philosophy problems in economic research from the perspective of ontology, epistemology and methodology, thereby discover new problems, and make rigor argumentation toward it.

本文的难点：1、概念基础难点：如何从一种历史的、哲学的角度准确把握实证经济范式与规范经济范式的概念基础和变更的历史背景、理论渊源。2、形式化体系难点：实证经济学家与规范经济学家的观点非常混杂，本文试图理清前人的思路，总结和综合纷繁不一的观点，并使其体系化、规范化。3、视角结合点难点：将经济学与哲学有机地结合起来，从本体论、认识论、方法论的角度重新看待经济学研究中的一些哲学问题，从而发现新问题，并对其进行严密论证。

The economists make cities bid against each other to hold their convention, and don't care so much about beaches, golf courses or other frill s. It's like buying a car, explains the American Economic Association's secretary-treasurer, John Siegfried, an economist at Vanderbilt University.

范德比尔德大学经济学家、美国经济协会秘书长兼财务主管约翰西格弗里德表示，经济学家们在选择会议地点时，让许多城市出价竞标，他们根本不在乎海滩、高尔夫球场或者其他配套服务。

The economists make cities bid against each other to hold their convention, and don't care so much about beaches, golf courses or other frills. It's like buying a car, explains the American Economic Association's secretary-treasurer, John Siegfried, an economist at Vanderbilt University.

范德比尔德大学经济学家、美国经济协会秘书长兼财务主管约翰·西格弗里德表示，经济学家们在选择会议地点时，让许多城市出价竞标，他们根本不在乎海滩、高尔夫球场或者其他配套服务。

In a 2006 interview in BusinessWeek magazine, Yale economist Robert Shiller said of the impact of speculators on long term valuations,"I worry about a big fall because prices today are being supported by a speculative fever,"[37] and former NAR chief economist David Lereah said in 2005 that "here's a speculative element in home buying now."

在2006年商业周刊杂志采访中，耶鲁大学经济学家希勒说的影响，投机者长期估值，"我担心价格大幅下跌，因为今天正支持投机热"， [ 37 ]和前NAR首席经济学家David Lereah表示， 2005年，"这里有投机因素，购房了。"

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新