经济学

There are two micro-patterns used to analyse the optimal problem in macro-economics:One is the indefinite pattern put forward by Lamsy;and second is the overlap pattern put forward by Samurson and Daimon.

在宏观经济学中常使用两个以微观为基础的基本模型来分析消费和投资的优化问题：其一是拉姆赛提出的无限期界模型；其二是萨缪尔森和戴蒙得提出的世代交叠模型。

It is the damndest book: a brilliant introduction to economics, a work that teaches you how to think in terms of political and economic principles, and a refutation of hosts of myths about the free market, all in one package.

这是最棒的书：一部充满才智介绍经济学的书、一部教导你怎样联系政治和经济的最重要原则来思考问题的作品，并且是对于自由市场经济持有迷思之徒的一种反驳，都包含在这部作品之中。

How to solve this one problem, the United States' distinguished development economist held population flow model of Darrow in the palm to give us a few beneficial inspiration.

如何解决这一问题，美国著名的发展经济学家托达罗的人口流动模型给了我们一些有益的启示。

Not so at the European Central Bank, where doctorates in economics are almost de rigueur.

而欧洲央行的情况却并非如此--拥有经济学博士头衔几乎成了必要条件。

It is a standard result of economic theory that the deadweight loss of taxation depends only on the substitution effect, which is measured by your response to a marginal opportunity.

这就是经济学原理的一个标准结果：税收的无谓损失只取决于替代效应，这是由你对边际机会的回答来衡量的。

Among his contributions the most significant is to justify the theorem of the impossibility of the Paretian liberal that there is no a social decision function that meets unrestricted domain, Paretian principle and minimal liberty simultaneously, which helped him win the Nobel Prize on economics.

而他影响最大的贡献是证明了帕累托自由的不可能，后者为他赢得诺贝尔经济学奖奠定了基础，其基本含义指不存在一种可以同时满足无限制域、帕累托原则和最低限度的自由这三个条件的社会决策函数。

And that is why Mr Wen and his colleagues not only decry debate about the exchange rate abroad.

无论中国采取的是什么货币制度经济学，其原则明确无误：共产党听从国有企业的主张。

John Neville Keynestook deductive method as the main part of economic methodology.

在内维尔·凯恩斯那里，演绎法已经成为其经济学方法论中的主要部分。

Methods and theories applied in this research include systems analysis, logic and deductive method, comparison method and others like information system theory. Subjects concerned include management.

企望从系统的观点，以情报学为基础，依托于管理学、信息经济学、计算机科学等学科的新发展，建立情报学角度的企业知识管理系统研究框架。

Firstly relied on the "Principal-Agent" theory, it will go through the microcosmic model analysis of corrupt behavior, including the avail analysis of "Defalcation corrupt behavior" and the equilibrium analysis of "Rent-seeking corrupt behavior", and then it will conclude some important factors which influence the corrupt behavior, such as the probability to be lighted, the salary of the officials, the degree and extent of the punishment and so on.Then it will go deep into the institutional analysis of the complicated corrupt phenomena. Relied on the institutional economics, this text will expound elaborate that during the compelling transformation of institutions, the structure of public power has an essential change. On the one hand, government has given up much public power; on the other hand, the cooperation mode between the government, the market and the society has not been perfected. So on account of the unbalance of public power structure, the disfigurement or blankness of the institutions was one of the vital institutional causes of the corruption.

首先以"委托——代理"理论为依托，对"贪污型腐败行为"和"寻租型腐败行为"进行微观的模型分析，通过对"贪污型腐败行为"的效用分析和"寻租型腐败行为"的均衡分析，推导出影响腐败行为的几个主要因素，如腐败的查处概率、政府官员的薪金、惩罚力度、个人的风险态度、租金的来源、市场主体的自主性、对行贿者的惩戒力度等等；接着对当前普遍而复杂的公共权力腐败现象进行深入的制度分析，运用制度经济学的理论，分析我国在强制性制度变迁过程中公共权力架构发生了本质的转变，政府在市场化的进程中一方面确实下放了很多公共权力，但另一方面市场和社会并没有充分发展起新的协作模式以弥补制度变迁过程中形成的制度缺陷或制度真空，因此，公共权力架构的失衡所形成的制度缺陷或制度空白成为了当前腐败蔓延的制度原因。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。