经济学

Then lots of economic scholars predicted boldly that "new institutional economics revolution" was coming.

20世纪60、70年代，新制度经济学开始在经济学领域的诸多方面实现了理论突破，许多经济学者大胆预言"新制度经济学革命"即将到来。

Through the study of cost-contrasting analysis, it indicates that the cost of web-based education has obvious advantage comparing with traditional education of TsinghuaUniversity and internal traditional education. In contrast with the cost construction and economic features of the first and second generation distance education, the web-based education of Tsinghua University shows the economic features of capital/technology intensiveness ,not the feature of labour intensiveness which traditional face-to-face education has demonstrated.

在成本的比较研究中表明，清华大学网络教育相对于清华大学传统教育以及国内传统高等教育具有明显的成本优势；在同第一、二代传统远程教育的成本结构和经济学特征的比较中发现，清华大学网络教育仍显现出资金密集型的经济学特征，而不是劳动密集型即向传统面授教育回归的经济学特征。

Before the middle of the nineteen century, around 1850, before this time, everything was political economy, but around the middle of the nineteen century, a group of people broke with political economy to start economics, you don't need to know the names, Marshal, Jevons, mostly British political economist who wanted more scientific, more narrow, more focused on scholarship, no focus on history.

在19世纪中叶以前，也就是1850年左右，在此之前，一切都是政治经济学的范畴，但是到了19世纪中叶，一群人打破了政治经济学的领域，开创了经济学，大家无需知道每个人的名字，有马歇尔，杰文斯，他们中大多数原本是英国政治经济学家，他们想要更科学化，更精细，更专注于学术，而不是关注历史。

Type of Adam · Si Mi model is indicating of western economics Fan Shi build at first, the limit revolution of the person such as Jevons passes the Fan Shi that formed new classical economics integratedly of Marshall, abandoned Si Mi's labor theory of value, will replace with effectiveness axiology, can say the revolution that is Fan Shi of pair of Si Mi economics.

亚当·斯密范式标志着西方经济学范式的最初建立，杰文斯等人的边际革命经过马歇尔的综合形成了新古典经济学的范式，抛弃了斯密的劳动价值论，用效用价值论来代替，可以说是对斯密经济学范式的革命。

Up to now, most of the economists insist on efficiency in Social Security. After the analysis of the character and status of Basic Endowment Insurance, based on Keynesianism, I brought forward that Social Security, especially the Endowment Insurance System, should insist on the fair as the most important things.

笔者在分析基本养老保险的性质及其在中国经济发展中所占地位的基础上，结合凯恩斯的经济学思想，提出了社会保障，特别是基本养老保险体系要以"公平"为原则的经济学观点，并采用社会学和经济学相结合的分析方法，运用统计和精算原理，通过实证分析对于我国基本养老保险的公平问题进行了研究。

Firstly, this part summarizes the contribution and the dispute of the economics of law briefly. In addition, this part makes a comment on the deductive characteristic of the methodology of the economics of law and the disputes of the deduction and induction from the scientific- philosophical point of view, and points out that the economics of law, as a theory and method, could not provide a self-justified logic and philosophical basis.

在这部分，论文首先就法律经济学的贡献和争议作了一个简要概括，然后就法律经济学方法论的演绎特征、演绎与归纳之争等从科学哲学的角度进行了评析，并指出，作为一种理论和方法，法律经济学无法为其自身提供一个坚实的逻辑和哲学基础。

Proudhon is the first thinker who attempts to economicalize philosophy and philosophize economics. He has offered inspiration and promotion for the economic turn of Marist philosophy.

蒲鲁东是第一个自觉地将哲学经济学化、经济学哲学化努力的思想家，他对马克思实现哲学的经济学转向具有重要启示和推动力。

We should not deny mathematization of economics in the face of the complexity of economic phenomenon or just because of occasional successes achieved by some economists without using mathematics. Mathematization will become a mainstream. Meanwhile, it would be better to form a multi-layer pattern for economic research approaches.

不能因为经济现象的复杂性、部分经济学家不用数学同样取得成功来否定经济学数学化，经济学数学化会成为一种主流趋势，同时，经济学研究的方法也应该形成一个多元化的格局。

We should not deny the role of mathematization in economics due to the complexity of economic phenomena or the successes achieved by some economists not use mathematics.

不能因为经济现象的复杂性、部分经济学家不用数学同样取得成功来否定经济学数学化，经济学数学化会成为一种主流趋势，同时，经济学研究也应该形成一个多元化的格局。

The gradually schematized courses of economics contain,ternary intentions, that is, mathematization, symbolization, and psychologization.

1经济学何谓？1.1经济学与财富之根重商主义认为经济学是国家间贸易之学，多出口，少进口，是国家财富的源泉。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。