经济

From the industry to observe,the author discovers that the regional gap of the secondary industry was the primary contributor,but the rate of was descending.The third industry was becoming the important contributor.The industry structure adjusting and the agglomeration of the third industry and the secondary industry are the primary reason of the forming of the disparity of between the east and the rest areas.In the 1978 to 2005,the absolute convergence of economic growth didn't occur,the other way round,the club convergence of economic growth occurred in the east and in the middle.The speed of the economic growth in the east was higher about 1 centigrade than the middle and the developing west,and was higher about 2 centigrade than the west.

从以省区为单元的中国地区经济发展差距形成的产业构成来看，第二产业的地区差距长期以来都是中国地区经济发展差距的主要贡献者，居主导地位：但是随着第三产业产值比重的提高和第三产业地理集聚的非均衡性扩大(1990年以后)，第三产业的地区差距正逐渐演变为以省区为单元的中国地区经济发展差距形成的主要贡献者。1978-2005年期间，中国地区经济增长并没有出现绝对收敛趋势，而是表现为东中部地区内部的"俱乐部"收敛。1978-2005年东部地区经济增长速度比中西部地区更快，东部地区平均经济增长速度比中部地区高1个百分点左右，比西部地区高接近2个百分点，地区间经济增长速度存在显著的差异。

However, the person does not have foresight, have close concern surely, chinese economy is in a variety of economy forms to transfer at present level, seal amenorrhoea aid transition to be open economy, planned economy arrives liberal economy, agricultural economy arrives industrial economy, agricultural society progress makes urban society.

然而，人无远虑，必有近忧，中国经济目前正处于多种经济形式过渡阶段，封闭经济转型为开放经济，计划经济到自由经济，农业经济到工业经济，农业社会发展成为城市社会。

The main points of view of this dissertation include:1、All kinds of economic behaviors of Chinese local government are its inevitable choice because of dual attributes resulted in the economic and political competitions.2、The total characteristics of the economic behaviors of Chinese local government are of game、un-normative、market and short-eyesight.3、The economic behaviors of Chinese local government in the vertical perspective can be depicted as economic competitions and political compliance.

在此基础上，提出了规范中国地方政府经济行为的对策建议。本文的主要观点包括：1、中国地方政府表现出的种种经济行为是处在经济和政治双重竞争环境中从而具有经济和政治双重属性的必然选择。2、中国地方政府经济行为的总体特征是博弈性、非规范性、市场性和短期性。3、纵向关系中的中国地方政府经济行为可以描述为经济抗衡与政治服从。

Its conclusion is, after the deep-seated reason with our country constrictive economy depends on our country entering superfluous economy, economy " network chain " in, because active financing system lacks our country to innovate to improve industry technology,ability and the finance that rise economy of technical innovation translate into dynamic technology project choose mechanism and ecbolic mechanism, the deposit that makes economy medium from this cannot effectively translate into invests, make finally enterprise, bank and dweller each " node " the economy between is circumfluent occurrence block, so that form economic accumulation the gender is constrictive.

其结论是，我国经济紧缩的深层原因在于我国进入过剩经济后，经济"网络链条"中，由于我国现行的融资制度缺乏为提高企业技术创新能力和将技术创新转化为经济增长动力的技术项目的金融筛选机制和催生机制，由此使经济中的储蓄不能有效地转化为投资，最终使企业、银行和居民各"节点"之间的经济环流出现阻塞，以至于形成经济的累积性紧缩。

The weak links in the development of the non-public sector of economy shall be grasped to solve the key problems affecting the development of the non-public sector of economy with efforts, to actively explore the development model of the non-public sector of economy meeting the requirements of Shanghai's function and industrial characteristics, to further optimize the structure of the non-public sector of economy and to raise its innovative capability and competitive power, and to enhance the vitality of the non-public sector of economy as a whole, thus form a pattern of diversified ownership systems jointly propelling the coordinated development of the economic society in Shanghai, and promoting the radical transformation of the growth pattern of Shanghai's economy and urban development model.

要抓住非公有制经济发展的薄弱环节，着力解决影响非公有制经济发展的关键问题，积极探索适应上海城市功能和产业特点的非公有制经济发展模式，进一步优化非公有制经济结构，提高非公有制企业创新能力和竞争力，从整体上增强非公有制经济活力，形成多种所有制经济共同推动上海经济社会协调发展的格局，促进上海经济增长方式和城市发展模式的根本转变。

In this section, applying the method, from abstract to specific and from history to present, it analyzes the operation mechanism of urbanization economy affected by market mechanism; puts forward four theories of urbanization economy from economic perspective, including agriculture surplus and comparison advantage; non-agricultural industry; agglomeration economy and spillover effect, on this basis of the theories, it, on one hand, analyzes two kinds of internal mechanism in the chronologic operation of urbanization economies: increasing mechanism of urbanization economies in urban output industry; and changing mechanism from specialization to integration, which are the representations of the evolution of "mart" development; on the other hand, it analyzes two internal mechanism of dimensional operation of urbanization economy: internal spatial enlargement mechanism of urbanization economies from monocentric city to multi-center city, and external spatial enhancement mechanism which represents city-regionalization and city-chain connection, the later two mechanism represent the evolution of "polis" development.

这一部分，按照由抽象到具体和由历史到现代的研究方法，分析了市场机制作用下的城市化经济运行机理，从经济学角度提出了农业剩余与比较优势、非农产业、聚集经济、外溢效应四大城市化经济定理；在此基础上，一方面分析了城市化经济运行沿时间增长的两个内在内容提要机制：城市输出产业的城市化经济增长机制和从专业化到综合化的城市性质变迁机制，它们主要表现为&市&发展的延续；另一方面分析了城市化经济运行沿空间增长的两个内在机制：从单中心到多中心的城市化经济运行的内部空间扩展机理和表现为城市区域化、城市连绵体的城市化经济运行的外部空间扩展机理，它们主要表现为&城&发展的延续。

With the development of the Consuming Society, the integrating trend between the culture and economy has been strengthened day by day. if the second productivity generation of the capitalism industry revolution and the big industrial production were featured by the separation and the contradiction between the economic production and the culture, the third productivity generation of the Consuming Society, characterizes by the establishment of the new relationship between the culture and the economic :we have to pay attention of the economic function of culture and the interaction between the culture and the economy because of the economization of the culture and the culturization of the economy.

随着消费社会的不断发展，经济与文化一体化的趋势日益加强：如果说以资本主义产业革命及工业大生产为代表的第二代生产力是以经济生产与文化艺术的对立、分离为特征的话，消费社会中第三代生产力的重要特征便是文化与经济崭新关系的建立：&文化的经济化&和&经济的文化化&，以及由之产生的当代&文化经济一体化&潮流使我们必须重视文化的经济功能和经济的文化含量。

In part seven, first traced the Russian Transition former Soviet Unions economic structure characteristic and the malpractice, the main performance highly militarizes for the national economy; In the industrial structure agriculture, is light, the heavy proportion seriously is out of balance; Emerging high-techindustry development slow, the traditional industry still occupies the dominant position, service industry output value proportion is low; The economic structure is in the capital, the resources crowded stage; Since next separately has studied and has analyzed the Yeltsin time economic structure adjustment measure and Putin is in power the Russia industrial structure adjustment industry and the agricultural policy; Finally discussed the Russia economic structure to be serious unbalancedly the restriction function which grew to the economy, proposed the Russian government alleviated the constitutive economic problem the main countermeasure.

第七章：&俄罗斯经济结构调整与经济发展&。这一章首先追溯了俄罗斯转轨前苏联的经济结构特点和弊端，主要表现为国民经济高度军事化；产业结构中的农、轻、重比例严重失调；新兴高技术产业发展缓慢，传统工业依然占主导地位，服务业产值比重低；经济结构处于资本、资源密集型阶段；其次分别研究和分析了叶利钦时期经济结构的调整措施和普京执政以来俄产业结构调整的工业和农业政策；最后探讨了俄罗斯经济结构严重失衡对经济增长的制约作用，提出了俄罗斯政府缓解结构性经济问题的主要对策。

The economic globalization and economical regionalizing become the economic integration advancement respectively by it unique way two wheels, is promoting the world economics and various countries' economy development.

人才自由活动与合理配置，推动生产力快速发展。经济一体化表现在两个方面：一是经济全球化，一是经济区域化。经济全球化与经济区域化以其各自独特的方式成为经济一体化进程的两个轮子，推动着世界经济和各国经济的发展。

The construction of the county economic informatization is beneficial to strengthen information communication between the urban areas and the countryside, to shorten the urban-rural gap, to realize the optimal allocation of both urban and rural economic resources, to improve the marketization of the county economy, to enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of the county economy, to integrate information resources to serve well the countryside, agriculture and farmers, to completely solve the farmers' information block, to guide the farmers to get rich through the information and increase farmers' income and flourish the rural economy, to speed up the construction of the new socialist countryside, to introduce the advanced management concept of the developed regions, high technology and a great amount of information, to initiate the change of the ideological concept, to promote citizen quality, to accelerate the progress and development of the county economy and society, to strengthen the service function of the government, to improve its ability to serve economy, to optimize the environment of the county economy development.

县域经济信息化建设有利于加强城乡信息沟通，缩短城乡差距，实现城乡经济资源的优化配置，提高县域经济市场化程度，全面提升县域经济综合竞争力；有利于整合信息资源服务农村、农业、农民，从根本上解决农民信息闭塞问题，通过信息引领农民致富，切实增加农民收入，繁荣农村经济，加快社会主义新农村建设步伐；有利于引进发达地区先进的管理理念、高新技术和大量的信息，引发思想观念的转变，提高管理效率，降低管理成本；促进公民素质的提高，加速县域经济社会全面进步发展；有利于强化政府服务职能，提高服务经济的能力，优化县域经济发展环境，对县域经济发展起到了广泛的指导和示范作用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。