细菌的

To study and know well the rudimentary knowledge and the basic techniques of modern Microbiology are demanded for Graduate students. The experiments including the principle and operation of phase contrast microscope and fluorescence microscope; Microphotography , the technique of photographic enlargement;Applications of polymerase chain reaction ; Construction, transformation and detection of plasmid in E.coli ; Infectivity of virus and its molecular detection ; The technique of protoplast fusion in filamentary fungi ; Induction and purification of β-galactosidase from E.coli and assay the enzyme activity; Detection of GC content and DNA-DNA hybridization in bacteria ; Production , extraction and detection of poly--hyduoxy butyrate from bacteria.

以实验教学为主，要求研究生学习和掌握一些现代微生物学研究所需的基本技术，内容包括：相差显微镜、荧光显微镜的使用和显微摄影技术，PCR技术的应用，细菌质粒的构建、转化及检测技术，病毒的侵染性及其分子检测技术，丝状真菌原生质体融合技术，大肠杆菌β-半乳糖苷酶的分离及纯化及其动力学测定技术，细菌G+C mol%的测定及细菌DNA-DNA杂交技术和聚羟基丁酸产生菌的发酵、产物提取及检测技术等。

Consider to make clear in recent years, second acid is calcic - Bowman does not move bacillus clinical bacterium of single born of the same parents of the detached rate that go up and verdigris holiday comparatives, have the tendency that year after year rises, the fundamental condition pathogenic bacteria that already became the infection inside the courtyard [1] , have to a variety of antibacterial content be able to bear or endure higher property of a medicine [1, 2] , for this, we are monitored and statistic analysed my courtyard to came 1998 2004 7 years a second acid is calcic - the clinical infection condition that Bowman does not change bacillus, to 14 kinds of antibacterial content be able to bear or endure property of a medicine and be able to bear or endure medical tendency, sum up a report to be as follows now. 1 material and method all data all come from 1.1 basic materials to came on January 1, 1998 my courtyard outpatient service was mixed on December 31, 2004 the specimen sending check of inpatient, via clinical microbiology the lab is fostered and classics appraisal is second acerbity calcium - Bowman does not move bacillus to affect case of illness, with clinical and commonly used antibacterial at the same time content makes the kill that medical quick detects. 1.2 bacteria appraisal is mixed medical quick experiment uses live thing VITEK32 of Mei Li dust is full automatic the bacterial appraisal of bacterial analysis system and its form a complete set gets stuck and medical quick card undertakes detecting, 1998~2000 year use GNI appraisal gets stuck, 2001~2004 uses GNI+ card.

近年探究表明，乙酸钙-鲍曼不动杆菌临床上的分离率和铜绿假单胞菌相当，并有逐年上升的趋向，已成为院内感染的重要条件致病菌[1]，对多种抗菌药物有较高耐药性[1，2]，为此，我们监测并统计分析了我院1998年至2004年七年间乙酸钙-鲍曼不动杆菌的临床感染情况，对14种抗菌药物的耐药性及耐药趋向，现总结报道如下。1材料和方法1.1基本资料所有资料均来自于1998年1月1日至2004年12月31日我院门诊和住院病人的送检标本，经临床微生物学实验室培养并经鉴定为乙酸钙-鲍曼不动杆菌感染病例，同时以临床常用抗菌药物作药敏检测的结果。1.2细菌鉴定和药敏试验采用生物梅里埃VITEK32全自动细菌分析系统及其配套的细菌鉴定卡和药敏卡进行检测，1998~2000年使用GNI鉴定卡，2001~2004使用GNI+卡。

Eggs of axenic Bursaphelenchus xylophilus were kept on the colonies of various strains, and the results showed that on slanting cultures of certain strains, the eggs hatched, developed and reproduced well, i.e.

将无菌松材线虫卵置于各细菌菌株的菌苔培养的试验结果表明：无菌松材线虫卵能在某些斜面培养的细菌菌株的菌苔上孵化、生长、繁殖，即仅仅依靠细菌或其提供的营养，无菌松材线虫就能完成其生活史。

It is very simple. We come from a planet bacteriologically different from Earth, which, for us, is a veritable culture medium. Thus, in order to contact you, I was obliged to take this basic precaution. You, yourself, were a danger to me but you are no longer.

这很简单，我们来自的行星上的细菌与地球上的细菌不同，对于我们来说，身体是个真正的细菌培养基，因此，为了接触你，我必须有这个基本的防范，你对于我来说是危险的，但你不用担心

Bacteria which concentration more than or equal to 10~2/ml in CSF can be enriched effectively by means of centrifugalization when the relative centrifugal force is 5753xg and centrifugalization time is 15min and the rate of positive cultivation of pathogenic bacteria in clinical specimen can be improved by centrifugalization with high speed.

离心法不能使脑脊液中浓度低于10~2/ml的细菌浓集；在离心力5753×g离心时间为15分钟的离心条件下，采用离心法能使脑脊液中浓度大于等于10~2/ml的细菌得到最佳浓集，提高临床标本中细菌培养的阳性率。

In the water samples from Gudao, and No. 1 and 2 wastewater stations of the Shengli Oil Field, the ratios of amount of iron bacterial cells to total microbial cells, detected by the combination of the 4 probes and DAPI staining, were 11.0%, 12.8% and 9.0%, respectively. In the iron bacterial community, Leptothrix, Sphaerotilus and L. ferriphilum were dominant in the 3 stations, and Leptothrix and Sphaerotilus, and L. ferriphilum cells to accounted for 2.94%±0.52%~3.39%±0.52% and 2.24%±0.16%~2.63%±0.49% of the total microbial cells, respectively, while L.

结果表明，利用基因探针能快速对胜利油田外排水中的铁细菌进行检测：在孤岛采油厂、胜利采油厂1号和2号综合处理站的外排水中，利用4种探针的组合探针检测到的铁细菌细胞数量分别占样品中微生物总细胞数量的11.0%、 12.8%和9.0%，其中Leptothrix和Sphaerotilus，以及Leptospirillum ferriphilum为胜利油田外排水中的3种优势铁细菌，分别占水样中总微生物细胞数的2.94%±0.52%~3.39%±0.52%和2.24%±0.16%~2.63%±0.49%；而Leptospirillum ferrooxidans和Acidithiobacillus spp。

Results totally 287 strains were isolated from the 256 positive samples , and the gram-negative bacilli were 225(78.4%,), the gram-positive coccus were 41(14.3%), snd the monilia were 21(7.3%).the distributions of clinical bacteria were respiratory tract(63.4%),urinaryract(7.0%),secretion(includingwound .3%),blood(5.9%),stool(5.2%), pucture fluid(4.9%), and other sites(7.3%). of all isolating bacterium,from the first to the fifth were ps.aeruginosa(19.5%),k.pneumoniae(16.7%), e.coli(14.3%), a.baumannii(11.8%) and psemal (10.1%).resistant rates of methecillin-resistant s.aureus,methecillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and vancomycin-resistantwere 88.2%、70.0% and 11.1% respectively;the incidence of e.coli and k.penumoniae produce extended speutrum beta-lactamase were 68.6%和65.2%, 44.6% of ps.aeruginosa isolates were resistant to imipenem; the highest examining rate of 21 kinds of monilia was candida albicans (66.7％),resistant rate of candida albicans to fluconazole and amphotricin b was 51.3％ and 1.3%.

结果 在254份检出细菌阳性标本中共培养出287株细菌，其中革兰阴性杆菌225株（78.4％），革兰阳性球菌41株（14.3%），念珠菌21株（7.3%），检出菌来自呼吸道标本占63.4%，其他标本各占5%左右；细菌检出占构成比前三位的依次为铜绿假单胞菌19.5%、肺炎克雷伯菌16.7%、大肠埃希菌14.3%；耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌和耐万古霉素的肠球菌的发生率分别为88.2%、70.0%和11.1%；大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检出率分别为68.6%和65.2%，铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为40.2%；白色念珠菌对氟康唑的耐药率为81.3％，对两性霉素的耐药率为3.2%。

The study of the forming condition and mechanism of immature oil in eastern Linqing depression reveals that brackish water-brine, abundant sulfur bacteria and sulfocompounds provided favorable conch-lions for the formation of the immature oil. Immature oil was the result of hydrogen-rich sapropel of lower activation energy degraded by sulfur bacteria. T and R of the early hydrocarbon generation of organic matter were 400~435℃ and 0.2%~0.5% respectively, and their values for peak hydrocarbon generaion are 420℃ and 0.35%.

通过对渤海湾盆地临清坳陷东部未熟－低熟油的形成条件及形成机制探讨，总结出沙一段和沙三段的微咸水－咸水介质环境、丰富硫细菌和含硫化合物为临清坳陷东部未熟－低熟油气形成提供了有利条件，证实该区未熟－低熟油气形成是低活化能的富氢腐泥组分受到硫细菌早期低温降解作用的结果，明确该区未熟－低熟烃源岩硫细菌降解的有机质早期生烃阶段的T值为400~435℃，R值为0.2%~0.5%，生油高峰T值为420℃，R值为0.35%左右。

The study of the forming condition and mechanism of immature oil in eastern Linqing depression reveals that brackish water\|brine, abundant sulfur bacteria and sulfocompounds provided favorable conditions for the formation of the immature oil. Immature oil was the result of hydrogen-rich sapropel of lower activation energy degraded by sulfur bacteria. Tmax and Ro of the early hydrocarbon generation of organic matter were 400~435℃ and 0.2％~0.5％ respectively, and their values for peak hydrocarbon generaion are 420℃ and 0.35%.

通过对渤海湾盆地临清坳陷东部未熟-低熟油的形成条件及形成机制探讨，总结出沙一段和沙三段的微咸水-咸水介质环境、丰富硫细菌和含硫化合物为临清坳陷东部未熟-低熟油气形成提供了有利条件，证实该区未熟-低熟油气形成是低活化能的富氢腐泥组分受到硫细菌早期低温降解作用的结果，明确该区未熟-低熟烃源岩硫细菌降解的有机质早期生烃阶段的Tmax 值为400~435℃， RO值为0.2％~0.5％，生油高峰Tmax值为420℃，RO值为0.35%左右。

DISCUSSION The copper response has been deeply studied so far with two bacteria, E. coli and Enterococcus hirae (33, 37, 39), but the elucidation of the copper systems in M. xanthus will provide a missing piece in the complicated puzzle of bacterial adaptation to this metal under natural environmental conditions: how do cells handle different copper concentrations during a complete life cycle?

讨论 铜的反应一直深入研究，所以到目前为止，有两名细菌，大肠杆菌和肠球菌平江（ 33 ， 37 ， 39 ），但澄清铜系统米细菌将提供一个一块失踪，在纷繁复杂的拼图细菌适应这下金属的自然环境条件：怎么处理细胞不同铜浓度，在一个完整的生命周期？

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。