细胞质的

In ovary, PNA receptors appeared in the oocyte cytoplasm of second phases of oogenesis; the positive granules gradually increased from third to forth phases, and they exhibit a maximum expression before vitellogennic stage in cytoplasm of oocyte; from vitellogennic stage to chorionation stage, the positive granules gradually reduced. Binding sites on follicle cells were changed with their morphological variation in every stage of oogenesis.The staged and specific expression of oncogene c-kit, the tyrosine-kinase receptor, is closely related with gametogenesis.

2在中华蚱蜢卵子发生的早期，PNA受体是由卵母细胞自身合成；在卵黄发生前的准备时期，卵母细胞质中的PNA受体一部分来源于自身合成，另一部分则来源于滤泡细胞，而糖复合物的大量出现可能直接与卵黄发生有关；卵黄发生期PNA受体的减少可能是在卵黄物质形成中部分发生了修饰；卵黄和卵壳的相继形成过程中，阳性反应的出现说明PNA受体参与了卵黄膜及卵壳的形成，而这些受体物质是由滤泡细胞分泌的。

Basing on the nectary structure and polysaccharied changes, it was supposed that storing of per-nectar and decomposing of polysaccharide were conducted in nectariferous tissue. The epidermis was the main place where processing of per-nectar and synthesizing and secreting of nectar were conducted.

根据花外蜜腺的特点及多糖的变化分析，原蜜汁的贮存及多糖的降解主要在产蜜组织细胞中进行，而分泌表皮细胞则是原蜜汁的加工及蜜汁的合成与分泌的主要场所，且分泌细胞内含有浓厚的细胞质，有显著的细胞核和大量的细胞器。

A kind of virus particles were observed in cytoplasm of sampled ill sea cucumber tissues which were sampled from sick sea cucumbers with ulcerous skin and swollen mouth from their farming ponds at the beginning of 2005. The particles were covered with a bilayer envelops, shaped in globular with its size 100-200 nm in diameter. The same virus was isolated from cultured sea cucumbers with disease from different time and sites, and then infected the healthy sea cucumber. sea cucumber appeared the phenomenon such as ulcerous skin and swollen mouth and the same virus was isolated from infected sea cucumbers.

本章从患病刺参中分离出了2株对刺参具有感染能力的细菌，经鉴定1株为弧菌科弧菌属Vibrio sp和1株为弧菌科施万氏菌属Shewanella sp；在患病刺参的触手、肠和呼吸树等组织的细胞质中，检出了球形、具双层囊膜、直径大约为100-200nm的病毒粒子利用分离的病毒进行人工感染实验，刺参可以产生与自然发病刺参相同的症状，显示了分离的病毒对刺参具有一定的感染性。

Two mode of plastid inheritance, uniparental maternal and biparental inheritance, were discovered in angiosperms at the beginning of this contury, and our knowledge of the mode and cytological basis of cytoplasmic inheritance, esp. plastid, has been improved in many respects following the new cytological and molecular techniques, eg. electron microscopy, DNA fluorescence and RFLP.

近几年由于电镜、DNA的荧光检测及RFLP等新的细胞学和分子生物学技术的发展，使对植物细胞质遗传形式及其细胞学基础有了一定的了解，但多是单一的方法或对雌、雄配子发生、发育个别发育时期研究的结果，对大部分植物种的质体遗传方式或细胞学基础仍不清楚，在有些植物种间应用不同的研究方法得出的结论也不一致。

The extent of vesiculation was reversible along the time course .the mortality was low even under the constant presence of PCE for six days. At the end of the experiments ,the formerly vesicular cytoplasm was replaced with well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum ,a cytoskeletal system ,and numerous regeneration organelles .

取而代之的则是产生大规模的自我吞噬及发泡反应的现象﹐培养到第六天时﹐不但发泡反应几乎完全消失﹐细胞质中更且充斥了极发达的胞器﹐尤其是数量极多的平滑内质网﹐细胞骨架系统﹐以及不同型态之再生性胞器﹐另外在整个为时六天的PCE处理下的细胞之共同特徵是难以计数的胞饮小泡﹐表示细胞非常活跃地进行著物质交换。

In the rice leaves infected by RDV Yunnan isolate, the distribution of cells full of virus particles formed a belt which was a center of infection and multiplication of virus, around the cells fall of virus particles were some cells with the different extent of lesion as follows: disappearance of membrane system of chloroplasts, there were virus particles in some chloroplasts, and some sine or assembled virions in the mitochodria or cytoplasma but not in nuclei ,and intact subcellular structure in the cell far away from the infected center; In the rice leaves cell infected by Zhejiang isolate, some cells were full of virions, but the distribution of cells didn't form the belt, other cytopathological characters were similar to the cells infected by Yunnan isolate.

RDV云南分离株浸染的水稻叶片中，充满病毒粒体的细胞呈条带状分布，呈现出明显的侵染和增殖中心，在充满病毒粒体的细胞周围，相邻细胞有不同程度的病变，叶绿体膜系统消失，部分叶绿体中含有病毒颖粒，线粒体残体及细胞质中有分散或聚集的病毒粒体，细胞核中未见病毒粒体，离侵染中心较远的细胞中亚细胞结构较完整；RDV浙江分离株侵染的水稻叶片中，部分细胞充满病毒粒体，无明显的条带状分布，其他细胞病理特征与RDV云南分离株侵染的水稻叶片相似。

The location and structures of sex-pheromone-producing gland in female H.insularis were studied by EAG,GC,SEM,and TEM.These studies showed that thegland situate in the intersegmental membrane between the eighth and ninthabdominal segments,and is an eversible abdominal fold;Many plump cones disturbon the surface of the gland.The glandular cells of 2-day old virgin female H.insularis are arranged in one layer,among which the central cells are columnarepithelial cells and flat on two sides.The nucleus is irregular elliptical.There isevident conjugation between cells and the involution is more in the basal membraneof cell.Microvilli are distributed on the cytoplasmic membrane and linked withendocuticle on which there are many layers of chitin,and the outer cuticule is staineddeeper.The cell contains bubbles,mitochondria,glycogen deposits,roughendoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

结合触角电位、毛细管气相色谱、扫描电镜、透视电镜等技术对小线角木蠹蛾雌蛾腹尖末端不同组织部位提取物的测定分析以及腺体位置和形态结构的观察发现：小线角木蠹蛾性信息素分泌腺位于腹部末端8～9节之间，是一个由节间膜特化而成的上皮结构，为一可外翻的腹褶，腺体表面分布着饱满的锥形体，羽化后2天未交尾的雌蛾腺体细胞呈单层排列，腹面中央由密集的柱形上皮细胞组成，细胞排列向两侧延伸至背部，其形状由柱形逐渐变为扁平形，细胞核为椭圆形，细胞与细胞间有明显的胞连接，细胞基底膜基褶较多，质膜上分布着微绒毛，并与内表皮连接，内表皮上有多层几丁质，外角质层染色较深，细胞质中含有空泡、线粒体、脂质粒、粗面内质网和光面内质网。

This course systematically describes the structure and function, transmission, expression and regulation, and evolution of genetic materials, covering basis of cytology for inheritance, molecular basis of genetic materials, Mendel's principles of inheritance, linkage and sex linkage, genemutation, variations in chromosome structure and number, quantitative genetics, inbreeding and heterosis, inheritance of bacteria and viruses, extranuclear inheritance, gene engineering, genomics, gene expression and regulation, developmental genetics, population genetics and evolution.

本课程全面系统地介绍遗传物质的结构与功能、遗传物质的传递、遗传物质的表达与调控、遗传物质的进化等，包括遗传的细胞学基础、遗传物质的分子基础、孟德尔遗传、连锁遗传和性连锁、基因突变、染色体结构变异、染色体数目变异、数量性状的遗传、近亲繁殖和杂种优势、细菌和病毒的遗传、细胞质遗传、基因工程、基因组学、基因表达的调控、遗传与发育、群体遗传与进化。

The sex pheromone-producing gland of Ancylis.sativa Liu is amodified intersegmental membrane as a dorsal bag between eighth and ninthabdominal segments.

对枣粘虫雌蛾性信息素腺体的扫描和透射电镜观察表明，枣粘虫性信息素腺体是由第八、九腹节间的节间膜特化而成，是位于背部的一个囊状结构，它由两部分构成，前部的方形囊状体和后部的三角形囊状体，二者之间有一突起的脊；雌蛾静止时，腺体随第八和第九腹节一起嵌缩于第七腹节内，求偶时，腹部末端外伸，腺体细胞表皮外露，释放性信息素；腺体细胞呈方形，其表面覆盖几丁质表皮，表皮顶端无孔；细胞核很大，呈椭圆形，由双层核膜包被，位于细胞中下部，内有丰富的染色质；细胞质内有丰富的内质网，其内还有大量的大小不等的脂肪滴，以及线粒体和溶酶体等细胞器。

The study on themechanisums has been a hotspot of biology and radiobiology.

值得关注的是，自从国外学者提出电离辐射旁效应概念以来，许多研究者证实旁效应的存在，对&照射细胞核才会引起细胞致命的损伤&&只有受照射细胞才受到损伤&等某些传统观念提出了有力的挑战，辐射诱导的基因不稳定性、细胞质受到照射所致的突变及旁效应等在辐射致癌中同样具有重要作用，并得到放射生物学界的确认。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。