细胞质

Sarcomeric actin expression was positive on day 10 after differentiation. the positive expression was in plasma. on day 6, plasma and organelle in cells increased, tight junction and intermediate junction were found and there was apophysis in cell surface and microfilament in apophysis.

电镜观察，未分化细胞为圆形或椭圆形，细胞间连接松散，细胞质较少，细胞器不发达；诱导后6 d，细胞间出现紧密连接和中间连接，细胞质增多，部分细胞表面出现突起，突起内可见微丝。

The concept and function of Cytoplasmic Matrix;the relation between cytoplasmic and Cytosol.

一 细胞质基质的涵义；细胞质基质的功能；细胞质基质与胞质溶胶的关系。

Protease treatment of the plasma membranes could abolish the binding but NaIO_4 and glycosidase could not, indicating that nsLTP144 bound to plasma membranes protein without carbohydrate moiety. Using the homobifunctional cross-linking regent bissuberate (BS~3) and rice plasma membranes incubated with ~(125)I-Trx-nsLTP144, we identified, after SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, a putative protein receptor on the rice plasma membranes with the molecular mass around 60 kDa. NsLTP144 can not trigger extracelluar alkalization in arabidopsis, but can abolish the extracellular alkalization effect of phytopathogen elicitor cryptogein, suggesting that cryptogein and nsLTP144 may bind to the same membrane protein. In vitro pull-down assay showed that nsLTP144 interacted with OsCaM1, a possible extracellular calmodulin, implying that nsLTP144 and OsCaM1 could function in the same signal transduction pathway. These results shed light on revealing the roles of nsLTP in vivo and make it promising to finally characterize the plasma membranes receptor of nsLTP.

发现~(125)I-Trx-nsLTP144、~(125)I-Trx-nsLTP110与水稻细胞质膜均具有特异性结合，而且结合是饱和性的、可被竞争的，符合配体-受体结合的典型特征，同时用于对照实验的蛋白质~(125)I-Thioredoxin没有此特性，表明水稻细胞质膜上存在nsLTP的受体；利用可氧化糖基的NaIO_4和水解糖基的N\'-糖苷酶F处理水稻细胞质膜，再进行结合实验，结合活性几乎不受影响；而利用胰蛋白酶处理细胞膜则使得结合能力几乎完全丧失，表明其受体为没有经过糖基化修饰的蛋白质；利用交联剂BS~3交联配体一受体后，再进行SDS-PAGE分离和放射自显影，结果显示水稻细胞质膜上的nsLTP受体中有一个60kDa的蛋白质可以与nsLTP144发生特异性的结合，可能是其受体；细胞外碱化实验表明，nsLTP144不能促使拟南芥原生质体细胞培养液的细胞外碱化反应，却能猝灭来自植物病原菌的激发子Cryptogein刺激拟南芥原生质体产生的细胞外碱化反应，表明nsLTP和Cryptogein结合细胞膜上相同的位点，保护了植物细胞免受Cryptogein导致的细胞程序性死亡，并诱导系统获得性抗性的产生；体外Pull-down实验表明，nsLTP144和水稻的OsCaM1具有相互作用，暗示了nsLTP144和OsCaM1可能同在一个信号通路上起作用。

The result is showed that the Gq α were specifically localized in the rhabdoms as the membrane-bound form and in the cytoplasm as the soluble form. The localization of Gq α changed depending on the light condition. In the dark, many immunogold particles were detected in the rhabdom rather than in the cytoplasm.

在暗适应后，Gqα主要分布于感杆束，细胞质中很少，感杆束与细胞质中胶体金颗粒的密度比为2.11±0.186；在光适应后，密度比减少为0.63±0.056；在不同波长的光照处理后，Gqα定位有差异，感杆束与细胞质中胶体金颗粒的密度比由高至低，依次为：绿光（2.38±0.179）、红光（1.99±0.177）、蓝光（1.92±0.163）和黄光（1.02±0.106）。

The ultrastructure characters of pollen grain in Brassica napus are:1There are vacuoles in cytoplasm but no starch grain in uniceelluar pollengrain.2The veget- ative nucleus of bicellular pollen grain is generally spheroidal;while the generative cell is spinde-shaped,with a big nucleus,thin layer of cytoplasmand few cell orgens,no cell wall.3In three-celled pollen grain the sperm cell is separated from the cytoplasm of vegetative cell by two layers of plasmic membrances.

Brassica napus的花粉粒，在不同发育时期超微结构的特征如下：1单胞花粉粒有一个球形的细胞核和明显的核仁，细胞质内出现液泡，缺少典型的淀粉粒。2双胞花粉粒的营养核多为球形。生殖细胞纺锤形，无细胞壁，细胞核比例大，细胞质呈薄层，细胞器少。3三胞花粉粒有一个裂片状的营养核和两个纺锤形的精细胞，精细胞无壁，以两层质膜与营养细胞的细胞质相隔。

After selective extraction, the cyst wall of two kind of resting cysts displayed a filament network. In the resting cysts of Tachysoma pellionella and Euplotes encysticus, the filament was located in mesocyst and endocyst respectively. On the other hand, a special filament scaffold region was observed below the cyst wall in two kind of cysts. Compared with the true IF which was located in central part of cyst, the filament of this region was net as well as uniform, and no any cytoplasm residue can be seen in this region. In the resting cyst of Euplotes encysticus, a filamental boundry which partitioned the special filament scaffold region and the true IF region was observed.

两类休眠包囊的包囊壁经生化分级抽提后均显示纤维结构，急纤虫休眠包囊中纤维定位于中间层，包囊游仆虫休眠包囊中纤维定位于内层壁；其次，在两类休眠包囊的包囊壁下，相当于细胞质表质层的位置，均有一个特殊的纤维网络区，与细胞质深层的网络区相比，此部分的纤维纯净、均匀，未见附着细胞器及细胞质残留物，在包囊游仆虫休眠包囊中此纤维网络区与真正的细胞质纤维网络之间由纤维构成的界膜隔开。

After NMDA stimulation, he concentrations of Ca~2+ and NO in both nuclear and plasma rise observably, especially in the netlike structures; the change of Ca~2+ concentration in nuclear is larger than that in plasma,however the changes of NO concentration in nuclear and plasma are similar. We also observed comparative increases of the concentration of Ca2+ and NO in neurodendrite after NMDA stimulation.

NMDA刺激后神经元细胞核和细胞质内Ca~(2+)和NO都明显升高，尤其在细胞核和细胞质内的网状结构处；细胞核内Ca~(2+)升高幅度大于细胞质，而细胞核内NO的升高幅度却与细胞质相近；另外，树突内的Ca~(2+)和NO升高也较明显。

The situation of abnormal development of male cells is as follows:microspore mother cell can't enter into meiosis because of intense vacuolation,shrink and disintegration of its cytoplasm;although vacuolated microspore mother cell can enter into meiosis,it can't form normal dyad and degenerate in the middle process;dyad and tetrad become vacuolated and can't develop normally;cytoplasm of microspore shrinks around the nucleus at the stage of central nucleus microspore,the shape of microspore is twisted into crescent or irregular shape,at last its cytoplasm and nucleus are disintegrated and crescent vacant microspore presents;nutritive substances can't be accumulated at the stage of vacuolated microspore,cytoplasm is disintegrated,and microspore turns into a big vacant pollen.

雄性细胞异常发育有几种情况：小孢子母细胞强烈液泡化，细胞质收缩解体，不能进入减数分裂；小孢子母细胞液泡化，虽能进入减数分裂，但不能形成正常二分体而中途退化；二分体、四分体细胞液泡化，不能进行正常发育；单核小孢子中央期，细胞质收缩包围核，小孢子形状扭曲呈月牙形或不规则形，最终细胞质和核解体而呈月牙形的空壳小孢子；单核液泡期的小孢子不能积聚营养物质，细胞质解体而成为大的空壳花粉粒。

To use the abundant cytoplasm resources in wheat alien species to improve wheat quality, five wheat lines of Chris carrying different types of Aegilops cytoplasm were used to conduct the direct and reciprocal crosses with four wheat varieties, which were widely adopted in wheat production, and the effects of the five different types of Aegilops cytoplasms on pentosan contents in F1 kernels were stndied.

为了利用小麦近缘野生种属的细胞质资源改良小麦品质，以山羊草属不同种异源细胞质的5种异质小麦品种Chris为材料，与生产上广泛推广种植的4个常规小麦品种进行正反杂交，研究了异源细胞质对其F1籽粒戊聚糖含量的影响。

As one of the most important osmoregulation actor, firstly,Proline plays a keyrole in the osmotic potential adjustment in plant cells. Secondly, Proline can preventNaCl from damaging the structure of biomacromolecule in cells. Thirdly, the highdissolubility and non-rejection capability of Proline can enlarge the solution volumnof the cell, so the concentration of salt will be diminished in cytoplasm and the saltstress will be relieved. Forthly, the accumulation of Proline could prevent thedehydrolysis from sap cavity in cytoplasm. Fifthly, the synthesis of plant chlorophyllwill be diminished under the salt stress, but the Proline can provide request ofchlorophyll synthesis.

脯氨酸作为渗透调节剂对植物体细胞渗透势的变化起重要作用：一，在盐胁迫下，脯氨酸在植物体内是一种重要的渗透调节剂，它是一些高等植物和绿藻抗盐和抗旱的主要渗透剂之一；二，脯氨酸可以保护细胞中的生物大分子的结构，使之不被NaCl破坏，并能维持其完整的水合范围；三，脯氨酸的高度溶解性以及其对植物各种酶活性不抑制性，可以扩大细胞的溶解容积，从而降低细胞质液中盐的浓度，减轻盐的胁迫作用；四，细胞质中积累的大量脯氨酸可以防止液泡对细胞质的脱水作用；五，在盐胁迫下，植物叶绿素的合成受到抑制，叶绿素的合成需要脯氨酸。

Plunder melds and run with this jewel!

掠夺melds和运行与此宝石！

My dream is to be a crazy growing tree and extend at the edge between the city and the forest.

此刻，也许正是在通往天国的路上，我体验着这白色的晕旋。