细胞膜

In this paper, experiment of cell membrane permeability in college teaching materials of was improved.

0引言细胞膜渗透性实验是细胞生物学实验的一个组成部分，有助于学生对有关细胞膜功能的内容的理解。

Research shows that affect the permeability of the membrane is the major factor in the cell membrane phospholipids.

研究表明，影响细胞膜通透性的主要因素是细胞膜中的磷脂含量。

In addition, the membrane polarization time is gained from cell's simplified equivalent circuits and approved by system time constant of the state space equations of cell suspended system. Secondly, Laplace equations of the ideal model are built based on Faraday's Law, Gauss's Law, and charge conservation to analyze and calculate the amplitude and variation of transmembrane potential detailedly.

为了对微生物脉冲电场效应进行理论上的分析，首先，本文从细胞膜的结构、组成及功能入手，建立了微生物细胞的介电模型，求出了细胞膜的介质极化时间常数，并通过系统状态空间方程对其进行了验证。

It is postulated that IP induces the release of endogenous protective molecules that interact with cognate receptors to activate PLC through mediation of the chincough virus sensitive proteins. PLC hydrolyzes membrane phospholipid and produces diacylglyccerol,that,by working together with calcium hydronium,translocates PKC from cytoplasm to cell membrane and activates PKC.

推测缺血预处理细胞保护作用机制是：缺血预处理引起内源性保护物质释放，作用于细胞膜上的相应受体，通过百日咳病毒敏感性G蛋白的介导而激活磷脂酶，磷脂酶水解膜磷脂，产生二酰基甘油(diacylglyccerol，DAG)，DAG和Ca2+协同作用于PKC，使其从胞浆转位到细胞膜并且被活化，PKC在膜上使底物蛋白磷酸化，引发一系列相关信号转导通路的激活，调控保护性基因的表达，从而提高细胞对缺血再灌注损伤的耐受性。

The shape of chloroplast didn't change after seedling was treated by GA〓, but the number of lamllasomes increased, and starch grain enhanced. These changes were accord to that of the rate of photosynthesis. Mitochondria varied greatly, the structure of mitochondria could see vaguely and carinace almost deliquesce after 4days. Enrolucrum emerged until the seventh day after treatment and endomembrance of mitochondria recovered gradually, cristae could be seen. On the other hand, the endomembrance of mitochondria in CK (normal non-bolting) was obvious and the quantity of cristae in the mitochondria was much more than the GA〓 treatment. This showed that respiration might decrease after GA〓 treatment while reduced the depletion of photosynthesis products and enhanced bolting.

GA〓处理后抽苔过程中叶绿体形状未发生变化，但类囊体增多，淀粉粒增多，这种变化与光合速率的变化吻合；线粒体变化较大，处理后4天线粒体结构较模糊，嵴不清晰，7天时外膜形成，内膜也逐渐恢复，能见到嵴，而对照线粒体内膜结构明显，嵴清晰数量也多，说明GA〓处理后，呼吸作用降低，减少光和产物的消耗；细胞膜无破损，较光滑完整，说明对细胞膜没有伤害。

After developing 48 hours, hepatocytes enters 2.0 mM t-butyl hydroperxide or 2.0 mM diamide to induced cell blebbing. The samples collected at 0, 15, 30, 60 minutes to analyze cell about membrane protein thiol deletion; the leakage of lactate dehydrodenase; the change of glutathione; the lipid peroxidation; the variation of actin and tubulin, and use Confocal fluorescent microscope to observe the change of actin and tubulin in rat hepatocytes.

肝细胞在48小时培养后，分别加入2.0mM t-buty1 hydroperoxide或2.0 mM diamide诱发细胞膜小泡生成，并分别於0、15、30、60分钟取样，分析细胞膜硫醇流失程度；乳酸去氢□渗漏；□胱甘□浓度变化；脂质过氧化；肌动蛋白与管蛋白变化；并利用雷射共轭焦萤光显微镜观察肝细胞中肌动蛋白及管蛋白的变化。

The result indicates the t-BHP or diamide both cause the mass loss about the membrane protein thiol in hepatocytes, the fast oxidization about glutathione in hepatocytes, the leakage of lactate dehydrodenase, but the level of t-BHP is larger than of diamide. In the aspect of lipid peroxidation, only the t-BHP produces apparent change. As to actin and tubulin, they both find fall-off and present time-dependency effects. The result in Confocal fluorescent microscope also show these two cytoskeletal proteins are related to cell blebbing, but they don''t play the same role during the porcess. Tubulin may be more important than actin. If the study predispose dithiothreitol before adding t-BHP or diamide, then the damage by the diamide is repressed, but just partly protection for the damage by t-BHP.

结果显示t-BHP或diamide均可造成细胞膜蛋白硫醇大量流失与胞内GSH快速氧化，亦显著导致乳酸去氢□渗漏，但t-BHP诱发的渗漏程度大於diamide；在脂质过氧化方面，则仅t-BHP处理组产生明显的脂质氧化情形；至於肌动蛋白与管蛋白单体均可见减少且呈现时间依赖效应；在雷射共轭焦萤光显微镜观察中，亦显现这两种架构蛋白与细胞膜起泡有关，但两者在小泡生成的过程中扮演的角色并不完成相同，可能管蛋白较肌动蛋白重要；如果细胞在t-BHP或diamide加入前预先以dithiothreitol处理，则diamide 所造成的伤害显著的受到抑制，但DTT对t-BHP所诱发的伤害则仅有部分保护效果。

On the membrane of liver parenchymal cell and endothelial cell ×12 000;Fig 4 3 h after Cd-injection:ER extremely dilatant,mitochondria swollen,a lot of Ce-H2O2 precipitation on the membrane of PC,EC and Kupffer＇scell ×15 000;Fig 5 6 h after Cd-injection:in irreversible state,hepato-cytoplasm clear,few organelle,a few Ce-H2O2 precipitation on the membrane of PC and eC ×5 500;Fig 6 24 h after Cd-injection:hepatocyte plasmotorrhexis,membrane of

ce呈点状沉积在肝实质细胞、内皮细胞膜上×12 000；图4 染镉后3小时：ER极度扩张，线粒体膨胀，内外膜模糊不清；见大量Ce沉积在PC、EC和Kupffer＇s细胞膜上×15 000；图5 染镉后6小时：处于不可逆改变状态的肝细胞胞浆清亮，少有细胞器；仍可见少量Ce沉积在PC和EC膜上×5 500；图6 染镉后24小时：可见破碎的肝细胞，胞内膜结构大多已不清晰；未见Ce的沉积×7 000

Therefore, it is very important to build the analytical models for transmembrane voltage induced on cells in biological and medical fields.

因此，建立外电场作用下细胞膜电压计算模型，掌握细胞膜电压变化规律，对更好研究细胞电磁生物效应及其在生物、医学领域的应用具有重要指导意义。

It was needed only 20-30 minutes; the active components can be transformed into high concentration active substances, nonstop to the deep skin, the active components infiltrate to Subcutaneous tissue through the channels among Hair follicles, sweat glands and cells, reach the mesoblast .then it open the entrance easily by stimulating the water channels protein on the cell membrane, infiltrate the cell membrane, make the skin cells to absorb nutrients plenary.

需20-30分钟即可将活性成分快速转换成高浓度的活性物质，直达深层皮肤；利用"水电泳"技术，活性成分通过毛囊、汗腺与细胞间通道渗透皮下组织，达到中胚层通过刺激细胞膜上的"水通道蛋白"，轻易打开入口，渗透细胞膜，使皮肤细胞充分吸收营养成分

The concept of equivalent rotationally rigidity is offered and the formula of rotationally rigidity is obtained.

主要做了如下几个方面的工作：对伸臂位于顶部的单层框架—筒体模型进行分析，提出了等效转动约束的概念和转动约束刚度的表达式。

Male cats normally do not need aftercare with the exception of the night after the anesthetic.

男猫通常不需要善后除了晚上的麻醉。