细胞的

The expression level of metabolitic enzyme (CYP1A1, CYP1B1) and its correlation with cell differentiation /apoptosis were studied as well. The influence of resveratrol in cell cycle was determined with FCM. Results 1 Resveratrol not only suppresses the growth of medulloblastoma cells in a dose and time related fashion but also induces cell differentiation and apoptosis. Resveratrol promotes differention of UW228-1,-2 cells to forward glia, UW228-3 and Med-3 cells to neuron. A treatment of resveratrol in the concentration of 100μM for 48hrs comit most of cells die of apoptosis. 2 Among the four cell lines Fas and Caspase-3 were constantly expessed, whereas FasL was absent irrespective to the drug treatment. 3 ICC, RT-PCR, Western-blot hybridization and EROD enzymatic activity assay demonstrated that expression of CYP1A1 is different after treatment with resveratrol in four cell lines, up-regulated in three UW228 cell lines in a dose dependent manner but down-regulated in Med-3 cells. Suppressive effect of resveratrol on CYP1B1 expression is the same among four medulloblatoma cell lines. 4 Cell cycle distribution of UW228-3 was greatly changed after treatment.

结果：1、白藜芦醇以时间和剂量依赖性方式抑制髓母细胞瘤细胞生长，同时促进细胞的分化和凋亡：白藜芦醇促使UW228-1、-2靶细胞向神经胶质细胞方向成熟分化，UW228-3、Med-3细胞向神经元细胞方向成熟分化，以100μM作用48小时效果显著；2、四个细胞系均有Fas和Caspase-3表达，但无Fas-L基因表达和蛋白活性产生，因此难以形成Fas相关性死亡通路；3、白藜芦醇处理前后CYP1A1基因的表达在各细胞系略有不同：UW228-1，-2，-3三个细胞系白藜芦醇以剂量相关性方式上调CYP1A1的表达，而Med-3细胞系，白藜芦醇却抑制CYP1A1的表达；四个细胞系在白藜芦醇处理后CYP1B1的表达均受到抑制；4、UW228-3细胞系经白藜芦醇作用后细胞周期有较大改变，表现在G0/G1期在整个细胞周期中所占的比例增加，而其它时期则相应减少。

Beijingensis under three droughttreatments, normal, moderate and severe stresses. The results showed:(1) the canker disease ofboth cultivars was serious gradually with increased drought;(2) the bark tissue cells sufferedplasmolysis, more evident with the severity of drought stress;(3) under the drought andinoculation with B. dothidea, cells of two cultivars damaged at different degree, mailyrepresented in the changes of organelles, such as chloroplast swollen and distorted, number ofmitochondria increased and membrane system indistinct; then organelles suffered furtherdamagement with inoculation time, thinned mitochondrias stroma, decreased cristae, crumpledand partly broken membrane of chloroplasts with stroma exosmosis. At last, the chloroplastspartly disorganized;(4) the hyphae growed mainly intercellular in resistant cultivar and notonly intercellular but also intracellular in susceptible cultivar, which directly caused thenecrosis of cells;(5) under the severe drought, the damage of cells enhanced the infection ofpathogen and drought and pathogen stressed together and promoted the disease development;the damage from pathogen on cells was more serious than that from drought.

结果显示：(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的增加，2种杨树溃疡病害发生渐趋严重；(2)干旱胁迫下，杨树树皮组织细胞发生质壁分离，并随胁迫程度的增加而严重；(3)干旱胁迫下接种病原菌，2种杨树细胞发生不同程度的损伤，主要表现为细胞器发生较大变化，如出现叶绿体肿胀变形、线粒体数量增多，质膜模糊不清等现象；随接种时间的延长，细胞器受到进一步损伤，叶绿体被膜折皱，严重时局部破裂，基质外渗，并部分最终解体；(4)毛白杨中的菌丝主要在细胞间隙中穿行，而北京杨的菌丝除在细胞间隙中生长之外，侵入细胞内部也较多，直接导致细胞的解体；(5)干旱胁迫下细胞的损伤促进了病原菌的侵染，干旱和病原菌的双重胁迫加剧了病害的发生程度，并且病原菌侵染对细胞的破坏程度大于水分胁迫。

Results:Whith the time and doses of ART incubation extended, ART significantly inhibited the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells and the inhibited effect shows dose-and -time-dependent. Obvious changes of apoptotic morphology were observed by invert microscope, fluorescence microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, they showed that cells had marked nuclear condensation or the fragmentation of chromation as well as apoptotic , mitochondrial edema and vesicle , with the time of incubation extended , the proliferation rate become slow and the volume became small and transformed. FCM assay indicated that most of the cells were arrested in Go/Gi and the apoptotic peak appeared. During the prolong of incubation time, the apoptosis rate was increased. At the same time, the number of S and G2/M phase cells were decreased. The result of TUNEL indicant that there are apoptosis and necrosis.

结果：随着药物浓度的增加和作用时间的延长，蒿甲醚对胃癌SGC-7901细胞的抑制作用呈时间和浓度依赖关系：在倒置显微镜、荧光显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜下可观察到典型的凋亡细胞的形态改变，表现为：核固缩或染色质边聚或凝聚成大块状，可见凋亡小体，线粒体肿胀增殖，严重的空泡化，随作用时间的延长，细胞增殖速度减慢，细胞体积缩小变形；流式细胞术显示胃癌SGC-7901细胞出现明显的凋亡峰，随着作用时间的延长，其凋亡率逐渐升高，细胞周期阻滞在G_0/G_1期，S及G_2/M期细胞数大量减少；流式细胞术TUNEL检测结果显示细胞凋亡和坏死同时存在。

Results: Resveratrol significantly ihibited growth and proliferation of SW480 cells in time and dose dependent manner.Resveratrol perturbed cell cycle,and arrested SW480 cells in S-phase accompanied with reducing G2-phase cells.The ultrastructural change of the SW480 cells treated with resveratrol were as following:the number of microvilli on the surface ofplasm membrance decreased and the nucleolar margination was frequent in nucleus.

结果：白藜芦醇能抑制SW480细胞的生长增殖，并呈时间浓度依赖性；白藜芦醇能影响SW480细胞的细胞周期分布，使细胞周期阻滞于S期，G1期细胞减少；经白藜芦醇处理的SW480细胞可出现细胞超微结构的改变：可见染色体边聚，细胞表面突起减少，胞质内空泡化等凋亡形态的变化。

The expressions of DNA-PKcs and Id2 in SP cells were strikingly stronger than those in non-SP cells, The localization of DNA-PKcs in SP cells was in whole nucleus but that of the protein in non-SP cells was only in nuclear membrane and nucleoplasm nearby.

SP细胞DNA-PKcs表达的阳性强度明显高于非SP细胞；SP细胞Id2表达的阳性强度明显高于非SP细胞；SP细胞的p16表达的阳性强度明显低于非SP细胞；SP细胞FHIT的表达为阴性或微弱阳性；SP细胞NFκB/p65表达的阳性强度明显低于非SP细胞。

It showed that for each type of P and N cell the contralateral member of the pair evoked larger synaptic potentials in the AP cell that did its ipsilateral homologue and the P and N cell with a ventrally situated receptive field produced a larger synaptic input on the AP cell that its counterpart with a dorsally situated receptive field.

比较P和N细胞在AP细胞上的突触后电位幅度，可见对侧P和N细胞在邻节的AP细胞的突触后效应强于同侧的P和N细胞在AP细胞上的突触后效应；具有腹部感受野的P和N细胞在邻节AP细胞上的突触后效应强于具有背部感受野的P和N细胞在AP细胞上的效应。

DCs acquired by our reformed methods express both CD83 and CD 14 molecules highly, and have a higher density than other domestic reports. The higher TNF in DCs culture medium of HC patient suggests DCs in patient still have antigen presenting ability and by optimization the culture medium would improve its presenting ability and have a potential value in design and application individual vaccine. Although antigens pulsed DCs have a decrescent antigen presenting ability but BCG HSP70 could induce its mature and improve its presenting ability. Suggests BCG HSP70 would be a useful mature inducer. Lymphocytes primed by DCs based HC vaccine have the specific cytotoxicity against HCC lines. The CTL after freezing and anabiotic could prophylaxis and therapy HC xenograft on nude mouse. The results also suggests that CD4〓 lymphocytes play a important role in HC with a good differentiation and would be useful in treatment this kind of HC. After being activated by Peptide LLNQHACAV of hAFP and apoptotic HCCs pulsed DCs respectively, the culture medium of activated lymphocytes both contains a high level Th1 cytokines IL-12 and TNF. Primed lymphocytes appeared a characteristic of NK cells. DCs not only inhibited the growth of human HCC and other cancer cells in vitro but also prevented the growth of HC xenograft on nude mouse in vivo. There are at least three kinds of mechanism playing important role in DC based vaccine ,there are inhibition of DCs, HC specific CTL and cytokines pathway.

诱导出的DC共同表达CD83和CD14分子，CD83分子表达明显高于国内报道；肝癌患者DC培养上清中TNF水平高于健康人，提示肝癌患者DC仍具一定的抗原呈递能力，适当调控可使其行使APC功能，以期在肝癌个体化疫苗中发挥作用；DC负载肝癌可溶性抗原后，抗原呈递能力降低，BCG HSP70可促进DC成熟，增加其抗原呈递能力，预示BCG HSP70有可能成为促进DC活化和成熟的另一重要分子；肝癌DC疫苗在体外诱导肝癌特异性淋巴细胞，活化的淋巴细胞在体外对肝癌细胞的杀伤以特异性CTL为主，同时分泌较高水平Th1型细胞因子IL-12和TNF，并抑制4种肝癌细胞生长；冷冻复苏后的肝癌特异性淋巴细胞可以预防和抑制人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤，提示DC负载肝癌可溶性抗原后诱发的MHC-Ⅱ类限制性CD4〓T细胞有可能在分化程度高的肝癌治疗中发挥作用；用DC和HLA-A2〓DC分别负载凋亡肝癌细胞和hAFP218-226位LLNQHACAV HLA-A2限制性九肽，在体外诱导肝癌特异性淋巴细胞，活化后的CTL细胞分泌较高水平的Th1型细胞因子IL-12和TNF，并具较强杀伤活性，此CTL同时具备NK细胞特征；DC对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用可能是通过吞噬实现的，Fas-L在DC抑制中也起一定作用；DC对人肝癌裸鼠皮下移植瘤的抑制率为97％；在肝癌DC疫苗的作用中，至少联合3种以上机制，即通过DC的直接作用、肝癌特异性CTL和细胞因子途径直接或间接地杀伤和抑制肝癌细胞。

Bone marrow containing hematopoietic stem cells has already been known , theses another group stem cells exists in bone marrow named mesenchymal stem cells. MSCs retain the potentiality of differentiating into osteoblast, chondroblast, adipoblast, tendonblast, myoblast, cardiomyoblast, neuron, etc , which displays a bright prosperity of its use in tissue enigeering, wound healing , cell transplatation and gene therapy. MSCs can be obtained and expanded easily compared to ESC without any problems of morality , law and ethic , immunology.

最早在130年前，德国病理学家Cohnheim在研究创口愈合时就推测在创口愈合过程中出现的部分细胞可能来自骨髓。20世纪70年代，Friendenstein发现一小部分骨髓中贴壁最牢固的细胞经数此传代后形成独特的纺锤形外观，具有形成成骨细胞或软骨细胞的能力。80年代以来，许多研究小组进一步证实了Friendenstein分离到的这些细胞是多能的，在体外特定诱导条件下，可以分化为成骨细胞、软骨细胞、脂肪细胞、成肌细胞、神经元等，被称为骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone MarrowMesenchymal Stem Cells，MSCs)。

The contributions of photon radiations are ignored because they are negligible compared to the contributions of the particle radiations, or can be calculated and added to the S-values using MIRD formulae.

如果细胞群较小，则光子的剂量贡献忽略不记。细胞群中每个细胞内的放射性活度相同。计算得到细胞群中各个周围细胞中心到靶细胞中心的距离和周围细胞中的核素对靶细胞的剂量贡献。

We found that 1 mutant EG4 cells showed typical characteristics of pluripotent stem cells which had no obvious difference with wild cells; 2 When induced by 10〓 M retinoic acid , mutant EG4 cells differentiated into adipocytes with high frequency compared with mutant cells, suggested that EGFR plays a role in adipocyte differentiation; 3 when injected into nude mice, mutant teratocarcinomas contained a large amount of connective tissues as well as skeletal muscle, while wild EG4 cells produced frequently cartilage, keratinocyte and neuroepithelium.

我们建立了稳定表达胞内区功能缺失的外源EGFR cDNA片段的EG4细胞，分析其生长分化特性，发现 1）突变型细胞可在未分化状态下维持长时间的增殖，表明EGFR对EG多能干细胞表型无明显影响；2）〓 M的维甲酸A(retinoid acid A，RA)诱导后，大部分对照组细胞分化为脂肪细胞，而突变型细胞分化为脂肪细胞的比例明显较少，表明EGFR在脂肪细胞的发育分化中具有一定的调节作用；3）畸胎瘤切片分析显示，突变型瘤组织分布有大量的未分化细胞和结缔组织，分化细胞以肌肉细胞为主；对照组瘤组织含丰富的角质上皮、软骨、神经管等依赖EGFR的分化组织。

We have no common name for a mime of Sophron or Xenarchus and a Socratic Conversation; and we should still be without one even if the imitation in the two instances were in trimeters or elegiacs or some other kind of verse--though it is the way with people to tack on 'poet' to the name of a metre, and talk of elegiac-poets and epic-poets, thinking that they call them poets not by reason of the imitative nature of their work, but indiscriminately by reason of the metre they write in.

索夫农 、森那库斯和苏格拉底式的对话采用的模仿没有一个公共的名称；三音步诗、挽歌体或其他类型的诗的模仿也没有——人们把&诗人&这一名词和格律名称结合到一起，称之为挽歌体诗人或者史诗诗人，他们被称为诗人，似乎只是因为遵守格律写作，而非他们作品的模仿本质。

The relationship between communicative competence and grammar teaching should be that of the ends and the means.

交际能力和语法的关系应该是目标与途径的关系。