细胞器

Compared with the corresponding BEAS-2B cells, the shapes of cells and nuclears, the shapes and quantity of cell organs were not significantly changed in the 1st, 2nd, 5th passage BEAS-2BNNK cells. The 10th, 15th passage BEAS-2BNNK cells, which had swelled cell and cell organs and abnormal nuclear and enlarged the nucleoli gradually and increased the quantity of the cell organs and activated their function, showed the characteristic of transformation cells. The 20th, 25th passage BEAS- 2BNNKcells, which had obvious aberration of the cell and nucleoli and had cataclasm of nucleoli and decreased cell organs, showed the characteristic of tumor cells.

与BEAS-2B相比较BEAS-2BNNK第1、2、5代细胞及胞核形态、细胞器形态及数量无明显差别；第10、15代细胞出现肿胀，细胞核逐渐变形，出现核畸形，核仁明显增大，边集，细胞器肿胀，数量明显增多，功能活跃具明显的转化细胞特征；第20、25代细胞及胞核明显畸变，出现明显的核碎裂及多个核仁，细胞器明显减少，具明显的肿瘤细胞特征。

The present studies showed that two cell populations were found in haemocytes: large cell with high granularity and small cell with low granularity by flow cytometry FCM on light scanttering pattern. Two distinct cell types were identified based on phase contrast microscope: one type of cell was dark and dioptric aberration, while the other was bright and dioptric strong. By Giemsa and H.E staining, cytoplasmic staining were heterogeneous and internal particles were obvious in one type of cell, while cytoplastic staining were homogeneous and internal particles were inexistent in the other type of cell. By transmission electron microscope, we found that the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus organelles were rich and internal particles were obvious in one type of cells, and contrary to the another cells.

流式细胞术光散射图谱显示血细胞被分两类，一类为颗粒度高的大细胞，另外一类为颗粒度低的小细胞；相差显微镜观察显示，血细胞可分为胞体暗、折光性差和胞体明亮、折光性强的两类； Giemsa和H.E染色显示细胞分为胞质染色不均一、胞内颗粒明显和胞质染色均一、胞内颗粒不明显的两类；透射电镜超薄切片观察显示，颗粒明显的细胞胞质内线粒体、高尔基体等细胞器较丰富，颗粒不明显的细胞胞质内细胞器较少；负染结果表明血细胞主要分为表面不光滑、突起明显和细胞表面光滑、突起较不明显的两类。

Beijingensis under three droughttreatments, normal, moderate and severe stresses. The results showed:(1) the canker disease ofboth cultivars was serious gradually with increased drought;(2) the bark tissue cells sufferedplasmolysis, more evident with the severity of drought stress;(3) under the drought andinoculation with B. dothidea, cells of two cultivars damaged at different degree, mailyrepresented in the changes of organelles, such as chloroplast swollen and distorted, number ofmitochondria increased and membrane system indistinct; then organelles suffered furtherdamagement with inoculation time, thinned mitochondrias stroma, decreased cristae, crumpledand partly broken membrane of chloroplasts with stroma exosmosis. At last, the chloroplastspartly disorganized;(4) the hyphae growed mainly intercellular in resistant cultivar and notonly intercellular but also intracellular in susceptible cultivar, which directly caused thenecrosis of cells;(5) under the severe drought, the damage of cells enhanced the infection ofpathogen and drought and pathogen stressed together and promoted the disease development;the damage from pathogen on cells was more serious than that from drought.

结果显示：(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的增加，2种杨树溃疡病害发生渐趋严重；(2)干旱胁迫下，杨树树皮组织细胞发生质壁分离，并随胁迫程度的增加而严重；(3)干旱胁迫下接种病原菌，2种杨树细胞发生不同程度的损伤，主要表现为细胞器发生较大变化，如出现叶绿体肿胀变形、线粒体数量增多，质膜模糊不清等现象；随接种时间的延长，细胞器受到进一步损伤，叶绿体被膜折皱，严重时局部破裂，基质外渗，并部分最终解体；(4)毛白杨中的菌丝主要在细胞间隙中穿行，而北京杨的菌丝除在细胞间隙中生长之外，侵入细胞内部也较多，直接导致细胞的解体；(5)干旱胁迫下细胞的损伤促进了病原菌的侵染，干旱和病原菌的双重胁迫加剧了病害的发生程度，并且病原菌侵染对细胞的破坏程度大于水分胁迫。

All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles, and each organelle performs a specialized function in the cell.

真核细胞含有各种各样的细胞器，每一个细胞器都在细胞中起着特定的作用。

Mitochondria, the cell energy-generating sites, are the most prominent sites of parathion cytotoxicity in the cells.

同对照组中完好的细胞器结构不同，细胞能量的产生场所-线粒体是细胞中受损伤最严重的细胞器。

Electron microscope showed finely granular cytoplasm in group after bFGF stimulation. Most cells lost cytoplasmic organelles. The cells of control group had vast vacuolation of organelles.

电镜下对照组细胞胞浆内有大量肿胀的细胞器，而bFGF组细胞胞浆呈均一细小的颗粒，密度一致，细胞器大部分消失。

Later at zygotene and pachytene stages, the hydrolases were released directly from the SER cisternae via fusing with the PM and caused cell wall degradation to form cytoplasmic channels. Sometimes cytomixis via CCs was observed. The possible functions of CC were to maintain the balance of protoplasm between different cells and relate to the growth and heredity of the whole population of PMCs.

细胞器及核物质通过胞质通道在细胞间可以进行转移运输，认为胞质通道的功能可能是在维系着细胞间的包括细胞器和细胞质在内的物质平衡以及与整体的发育和遗传有关。

Usually, anti-apoptotic protein is insulated in organella, restraining the release of pro-apoptotic factor and controlling cell apoptosis. however, interacting with pro-apoptotic protein, it can not restrain apoptosis, induce the loss of mitochondrial function, accelerate the release of pro-apoptotic factor and result in apoptosis.

抑凋亡蛋白平时被隔离在线粒体等细胞器内抑制促凋亡因子的释放，具有抑制细胞凋亡的功能，但一旦与激活的促凋亡蛋白发生相互作用后，便丧失了对细胞凋亡的抑制作用，造成线粒体等细胞器的功能丧失和细胞器内促凋亡因子的释放，导致细胞凋亡。

Anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic factors have synergistic effect and play a switch role. Usually, anti-apoptotic protein is insulated in organella, restraining the release of pro-apoptotic factor and controlling cell apoptosis.

抑凋亡蛋白平时被隔离在线粒体等细胞器内抑制促凋亡因子的释放，具有抑制细胞凋亡的功能，但一旦与激活的促凋亡蛋白发生相互作用后，便丧失了对细胞凋亡的抑制作用，造成线粒体等细胞器的功能丧失和细胞器内促凋亡因子的释放，导致细胞凋亡。

The results of the ultrastructares of the glandular hairs show that there are a number of the plastids in which there are a big of osmiophilic substances in the secretory cells of the peltate hairs and then that there are much endoplasmic reticulum in the secretory cells of head hairs. The difference between them are with relation to the function.

腺毛超微结构观察的结果表明，盾状腺毛类分泌细胞的优势细胞器是质体，其中具大量的嗜锇物质；而头状腺毛类分泌细胞的优势细胞器是内质网，这种细胞器上的差异与头状腺毛和盾状腺毛的分泌功能是相适应的。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。