细胞分裂

Barley seeds were irradiated with five different doses of 60 Co-γ ray.There were many kinds of chromosome aberration in pollen mother cells,such as bridge,laggards in anaphase I and anaphase II,asymmetrical division in anaphase I and asynchronous division in anaphase II,ring quadrivalent in metaphase I,three pole division and micro-nuclei in telophase I,micro-nuclei in tetrad and some micro-nucleus separates from the tetrad to form polyad.

大麦种子经5种不同剂量γ射线辐照后， M1植株的花粉母细胞出现多种染色体畸变类型，例如后Ⅰ、后Ⅱ中出现桥、落后，后Ⅰ中出现不对称分裂，后Ⅱ中出现不同步分裂，中期Ⅰ出现环状四价体，末期Ⅰ中有三极分裂和微核，四分体中出现微核且有的微核独立于四分体，从而形成多分体。

Endomitosis The duplication of chromosomes without division of the nucleus, causing polyploidy and leading to an increase in nuclear and cytoplasmic volume.

核内有丝分裂：在细胞核不分裂的情况下进行染色体复制，产生多倍体并使细胞体积增大的一种有丝分裂形式。

Genes important for male gametogenesis involved in highly con-served landmark events such as meiotic recombination, formation of the synaptonemal complex, sister chromatid cohesion, spermiogenesis during postmeiotic stages, and checkpoints and factors required for the meiotic cell cycle .

精子发生中的重要基因与一系列精子发生过程中阶段性的细胞事件密切相关，例如减数分裂重组、联会丝复合物的形成、姊妹染色体的结合、减数分裂后精子的变态以及减数分裂周期中的关键点和必需因子等。

Results (1)Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in mixed culture appeared better growth and differentiation than the respectively purified neuroglial, especially for the oligodendrocytes.(2) There were many pseudopod process among the astrocytes, which appeared centripetal growth mode.(3) The passaged astrocytes kept good abilities of division and proliferation and completely fused after 1 week of growth, and the purity was over 95%.

结果 (1)混合培养的星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞生长分化状况均优于纯化后的生长，以少突胶质细胞表现更为明显；(2)星形胶质细胞呈向心性生长，细胞相邻的接触面有较多的伪足；(3)传代培养的星形胶质细胞保持较强的分裂增殖能力，可在1周左右生长至完全融合，其纯度可达95%以上。

In Aspergillus nidulans, cytokinesis and septation is performed once the germling has eight nuclei after three rounds of nuclear division.

在丝状真菌构巢曲霉有丝分裂过程中，细胞首先经历3轮细胞核分裂并且形成8个细胞核之后，才开始启动胞质分裂以形成隔膜。

The result is consistent with previous studies. Whereas, tapetal cells of sterile anthers were disintegrated since tetrad cells were disjoined, indicating that disintegration of tapetal cells is earlier occurred in sterile anther than that in fertile anther. DNA ladder revealed that the cleavage of nuclear DNA into oligonucleosome-sized fragments to

结果表明，在花粉母细胞减数分裂后的四分体解离时期，不育花药的绒粘层细胞较可育花药提前开始裂解；在不育系S-Mo17rf3rf3花药和花粉S-(rf3)中均明显出现PCD过程的DNA片段化以及线粒体细胞色素C外渗的现象，证明了玉米CMS-S的花粉败育与花药绒粘层细胞的提前凋亡和小孢子细胞的细胞程序性死亡有关。

No tapetal cells were formed or tapetam collapsed at very early stage in some anther chamber during the microsporogenesis; Pollen mother cells in another chamber were not developed and microspore vacuolized; Tapetum cells developed abnormally, giantized and crammed the anther chamber; Some tapetum cells developed normally, but PMCs developed abnomally, which deformed at sporogeneous stage, and then were abhensive each other and finally degenerated. Nearly no PMCs could complete the process of meiosis, and form the tetrad, leading to the failure of normal microspore development.

药室的绒毡层细胞不形成或提前解体；药室内的花粉母细胞不发育或小孢子液泡化；绒毡层细胞发育异常，出现巨型化而挤满整个药室；绒毡层细胞虽发育正常，但花粉母细胞发育异常，在造孢细胞时期即开始出现变形现象，随后发生粘连退化；绝大部分花粉母细胞不能完成正常的减数分裂过程形成四分体，导致小孢子退化。

The bioactivity of bFGF released from PLGA microspheres are higher than from PELA.(2) the bFGF released from PLGA microspheres can stimulate mitosis, proliferation, and matrix synthesis of chondrocyte more effectively than free bFGF. 10 days later after the administration of PLGA microspheres, the effects of stimulus to synthesis of type Ⅱ collagen and proteoglycan can be compared with continue administration of free bFGF.

游离bFGF对软骨细胞的促有丝分裂的作用效应期短；bFGF缓释微球能通过持续释放活性bFGF，在较长时期内促进软骨细胞的分裂增殖；Ⅱ型胶原免疫荧光测定和蛋白多糖阿新兰染色测定显示，应用微球10天后，能有效的促进软骨基质成分的合成，其效果与持续应用游离bFGF的效果相当。

The bioactivity of bFGF released from PLGA microspheres are higher than from PELA.(2) the bFGF released from PLGA microspheres can stimulate mitosis, proliferation, and matrix synthesis of chondrocyte more effectively than free bFGF.

游离bFGF对软骨细胞的促有丝分裂的作用效应期短；bFGF缓释微球能通过持续释放活性bFGF，在较长时期内促进软骨细胞的分裂增殖；Ⅱ型胶原免疫荧光测定和蛋白多糖阿新兰染色测定显示，应用微球10天后，能有效的促进软骨基质成分的合成，其效果与持续应用游离bFGF的效果相当。

The results indicated that γ-rays irradiation with lower doses could promote and stimulate mitosis of root tip cells, and with high doses could inhibit mitosis of root tip cell.

结果表明，在一定范围内，剂量低于60Gy的辐照对毛竹根尖细胞有丝分裂有促进和刺激效应；高于90Gy对毛竹根尖细胞有丝分裂有一定的抑制作用。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。