细胞分裂

APC/C is activated at anaphase of mitosis,and engages in cell cycle regulation.

APC/C在细胞的有丝分裂期后期激活，调控细胞完成有丝分裂。

The living cell of L428 cell has experienced from monoclonal to the multi-cell forming process,and presents a big cell around many small clone cell encystation phenomenon.finally,gigantic cells is dead in the life time.3.The cell counting result showed that the proportion of big cell or the H/RS type cell(diameter≥25um)is for(11.6±1.5)%in the L428 group,for(4.6±0.7)%in L428-MVC group and for(13.1±1.3)%in L428-EVC group,respectively.

经持续稀释成单个大细胞、单个小细胞的L428细胞，小细胞可分裂转化成大细胞，大细胞亦可生成小细胞；常见单个大细胞周围出现多个小细胞围绕的现象，在此过程中NF-kB一直持续活化。3。

The results of light microscopical studies showed many giant and multinucleate giant cells with even more than twenty nuclei in each cell. It was possible that the formation of multinucleate giant cells associated with repeated endomitosis in a single cell.

光学显微镜观察见K562/IL-2细胞中出现较多巨大细胞及多核巨细胞，细胞核数目可多达20余个，推测多核巨细胞的形成可能与细胞核反复分裂而胞质不能分裂有关。

Based on the detailed analysis of a variety of factors affecting stability of taxol production in Taxus cells, it was discovered that initial cell density and the relevant concentrations of substrates, elicitors and precursors significantly affected stability of taxol production; farther study showed that addition of elicitors at appropriate cellular state was the key to steadily improve taxol yield, especially, the proper cellular state was at the end of lag phase and at the beginning of the stationary phase, which was also proved by the cellular ultrastructure.

对影响红豆杉细胞紫杉醇产量稳定性的各类因素进行详细分析，发现细胞的接种密度以及与之相适应的培养基的基质浓度、诱导子浓度和前体浓度是影响紫杉醇产量稳定的重要因素；进一步研究发现，选择细胞处于合适的状态时加入诱导子是稳定提高紫杉醇产量的关键，细胞合适状态特别是延迟期末和稳定期初最合适，细胞状态的超微结构观察结果也证明了这一点；同时研究发现采用合适的同步化处理获得的细胞初始周期时相加入诱导子与紫杉醇产量稳定密切相关，且以低温同步化处理得到的细胞周期的分裂中期相的细胞加入诱导子不仅大大提高了紫杉醇的产量，而且诱导子加入时间大大缩短，有利于大大提高紫杉醇生产率。

"As for Splinter Cell, the issue is caused by the launcher for Splinter Cell."

就像分裂细胞，这个问题是由分裂细胞的启动器引起的。

Results indicated : The meiosis stages of megaspore of white poplars are different, while there was a association between MMCs and PMCs meiosis in the same hybrid.

研究表明，不同白杨的大孢子母细胞减数分裂进程存在差异性，而同一树种的大、小孢子母细胞减数分裂进程存在时序性相关。

RESULT: 1.Ouabain act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane discontinuous,epithelium cells clustered,occluding zonule seperated,lens fiber layers fractured.Under the EM,cells totally hollowed,mitochondria swelling,myelin figure appeared.RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.2.Digoxin act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens cell oedema,linkage distructed,extensive exfoliation.Under the EM,plasma appeared little half-transparant hollow region,mitochondria swelling and ridge disappeared. RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.3.Amphotericin B act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens epithelium cells linked tightly,arranged in-line,lens fiber layers arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,abbundant cellular organes,exuberant cells function indicated. RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1 and α3-isoform are increased significantly,demonstrated isoform-specific action.4D-thyroxine act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens plasmalemma integrated,cells arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,nucleus fission appeared,desmosome half-desmosome and tensile microfilaments linked the cells. RT-PCR examine,α2 and α3-isoform are increased, also demonstrated isoform-specific action.5.Vitamin E act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane continuous and smooth,epithelium cells tightly linked,lens fiber layers appearede hollow region occasionally.Under the EM,lateral membrane high density belt appeared,abundant nucleolus. RT-PCR examine,onlyα1-isoform are increased, demonstrated significantly isoform-specific action.6.DMSO act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane slightly thicker,cells linkage partly distructed.Under the EM,plasmalemma denaturation,mitochondria swelling.RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all altered slightly and haven't significant meanning.

结果：1、哇巴因作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜断裂、上皮细胞聚积、闭合连接分离、纤维板层裂隙，电镜下全层细胞空泡化、线粒体肿胀出现髓样结构，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。2、地高辛作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体细胞水肿、细胞连接破坏、广泛剥离，电镜下胞质见少许半透明空化区、线粒体肿胀嵴消失，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。3、两性霉素B作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体上皮细胞紧密连接、线状排列、纤维板层紧密规整，电镜下细胞器丰富、细胞功能旺盛，RT-PCR法检测α1及α3表达显著增强、具有一定的重整异构作用特异性。4、D甲状腺素作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体质膜完整、细胞排列紧密规整，电镜下胞核见分裂像、细胞间有桥粒、半桥粒及张力微丝，RT-PCR法检测α2及α3表达均增强、亦有一定的重整异构作用特异性。5、维生素E作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜连续光滑、上皮细胞紧密连接、纤维板层偶见空化，电镜下囊侧膜内有高电子密度带、细胞核仁丰富，RT-PCR法检测仅有α1的表达显著增强、具有极强的重整异构作用特异性。6、二甲基亚砜作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜轻度增厚、细胞连接部分破坏，电镜下质膜变性、线粒体肿胀，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达无显著改变。

Results For callus induction of leaf explants of C. orchioides, dark treatment gave better results compared to light treatment; among the media tested, the suitable phytohormone combinations were 2.0 mg/L 2, 4-D or 6-BA 1.5 mg/L 2, 4-D 2.5 mg/L, and 300 mg/L CH 0.2% AC was good for plantlet regeneration from leaf explants. The callus from leaf explants mainly originated from midrib. The parenchyma cells near epicuticle of midrib firstly were initiated to division. Then the parenchyma cells of vascular bundle sheath and mesophyll cells on each side of vascular bundle were also divided to form callus.

结果对仙茅叶片的愈伤诱导，黑暗的效果好于光照；在所试验的培养基成分中，适宜的激素配比是2.0mg/L2，4-D或6-BA1.5mg/L 2，4-D2.5mg/L，并且附加300mg/L水解酪蛋白和0.2%活性炭，对于仙茅叶片的离体成苗较好；培养后，愈伤组织主要由叶片的中脉产生，位于中脉上表皮内侧的薄壁细胞首先启动分裂，随后维管束鞘薄壁细胞及其外侧的叶肉细胞也启动分裂，参与愈伤组织的形成。

In prophase, it localized on the microtubule organizing-center. In metaphase, it co-localized with α-tublin completely on spindle. In anaphase, it co-localized with α-tublin in aster and mid-zone. In telophase, it co-localized with α-tublin in cytoplasmic bridge connecting the two daughter cells.

在分裂前期，hSMP-1蛋白位于微管组织中心区域；在分裂中期，hSMP-1蛋白与组成纺锤体的微管呈完全共定位；在分裂后期，hSMP-1蛋白与星体和纺锤体中区的微管呈共定位关系；在分裂末期，hSMP-1蛋白则与两个子细胞之间的胞质桥完全共定位。

Then PLGA Micro spheres can promotes the proliferation of osteoblast in a long perlod because of the controlled release of bFGF from microspheres. The PELA microspheres satisfied the proprty reguirement of controlled release, but the biological activity of the released bFGF is partially destroyed.

2体外细胞试验中，游离bFGF对成骨细胞具有促分裂增殖的作用，但效应期很短；而PLGA微球通过持续释放活性bFGF，可在较长时期内促进成骨细胞的分裂增殖；PELA微球虽然达到了缓释的性能要求，但释放出的bFGF的生物活性受到了破坏。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。