细胞

Glioma is still one of refractory disease in the neurosurgical field; the development of new primary and adjuvant treatment is vital. Recently, the gene therapy of glioma is developed rapidly and there are many methods about the gene therapy that include: suicide gene therapy, immunologic gene therapy, drug resistangce gene therapy, angiostatin gene therapy and so on. The sucide gene therapy is the most potential approach of antitumer, these nonmammalian genes encode enzyme that convert nontoxic prodrugs into highly toxic metablites. Cells transfected with suicide genes are targeted for specific negative selection, witch can be induced by administrtion of the corresponding produg. Among the enzyme/produg combinations, two of the best characterized system are herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase /ganciclovir and Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase /5-flourocytosine (5-FC). The formor can convert the antiviral nucleoside analogs acyclovir , ganciclovir to their nucleoside monophosphate derivatives, the monophosphate forms are subsequently phosphorylated by endogenus cellular kinases to triphosphates, these molecules are potent inhibitors of DNA synthesis.

近年来脑胶质瘤的基因治疗发展迅速，应运而生的方法有自杀基因、免疫基因、多药耐药基因以及抗血管生成基因等，其中自杀基因被认为是最有前景的基因治疗方法，它又称病毒介导的酶／药物前体疗法，是利用转基因技术将哺乳动物细胞中所不含有的自杀基因转入到哺乳动物肿瘤细胞中，该基因表达的产物可将无毒的药物前体转化为毒性药物，从而选择性杀伤该肿瘤细胞，常用的自杀基因有单纯疱疹病毒-胸苷激酶基因和大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶基因，前者催化无毒性抗病毒核苷类似物如丙氧鸟苷、无环鸟苷等成为单磷酸核苷衍生物，然后在内源性细胞激酶作用下转化为具有明显毒性的三磷酸核苷，作为DNA合成链的终止剂和DNA合成酶的抑制剂，干扰细胞DNA的合成；后者编码的胞嘧啶脱氨酶可催化5-氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）脱氨成为5-氟尿嘧啶（5-FU），然后代谢为有毒性的5-氟尿嘧啶-5′三磷酸（5-FUTP）和5-氟-2′脱氧尿嘧啶-5′磷酸（5-FdUTP），5-FUTP通过与UTP竞争性结合而抑制mRNA和tRNA的合成，5-FdUTP则作用于胸苷合成酶，导致TMP衰竭而阻止DNA的合成，最终诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。

The cells,in the same population,were unanimous on the migrating direction and speed.There were two kinds of the shape of SCs on the stereoframe,spherical cells or long olivary cells;Cells contacted each other too.

立体网架上细胞有球形和长橄榄形两种，细胞间也互相接触；细胞迁移速度快于平面，纤维上的长橄榄形细胞快于球形细胞；长橄榄形细胞长轴往往与纤维呈一定夹角，有包裹纤维的趋势。

Compared with SCs on the plane,SCs migrated easily on the stereoframe.The long olivary cell of SC was still trending to wrapping fibre up without neurons.

立体网架上细胞有球形和长橄榄形两种，细胞间也互相接触；细胞迁移速度快于平面，纤维上的长橄榄形细胞快于球形细胞；长橄榄形细胞长轴往往与纤维呈一定夹角，有包裹纤维的趋势。

In conclusion, these results suggested that (1) the ageing-associated decline in fertility of female KM mouse was due to a decrease in both quantity and quality of oocytes;(2) the ooplasm from young mice did not correct the meiotic errors of aged mice, and the ooplasm from aged mice did not induce abnormal segregation of meiotic chromosome of young mice, indicating that meiotic anomalies found in the oocytes of aged mice might be related to nucleus or chromosomes and relevant factors;(3) a critical nucleocytoplasmic ratio was essential for normal maturation and segregation of meiotic chromosomes of oocytes and development to 2-cell embryos.

本研究结果表明：（1）昆明白小鼠与衰老相关的生育力下降是其卵母细胞数量减少和质量下降的综合结果；（2）年轻小鼠卵母细胞细胞质不能纠正老龄小鼠GV的减数分裂错误，老龄小鼠卵母细胞细胞质也不诱导年轻小鼠的GV发生减数分裂错误，老龄小鼠卵母细胞减数分裂异常很可能与细胞核或染色体及其相关因素有关；（3）关键的核质比对卵母细胞正常的成熟、减数分裂染色体分离及2-细胞期胚的发育是绝对必需的。

Usually, anti-apoptotic protein is insulated in organella, restraining the release of pro-apoptotic factor and controlling cell apoptosis. however, interacting with pro-apoptotic protein, it can not restrain apoptosis, induce the loss of mitochondrial function, accelerate the release of pro-apoptotic factor and result in apoptosis.

抑凋亡蛋白平时被隔离在线粒体等细胞器内抑制促凋亡因子的释放，具有抑制细胞凋亡的功能，但一旦与激活的促凋亡蛋白发生相互作用后，便丧失了对细胞凋亡的抑制作用，造成线粒体等细胞器的功能丧失和细胞器内促凋亡因子的释放，导致细胞凋亡。

Anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic factors have synergistic effect and play a switch role. Usually, anti-apoptotic protein is insulated in organella, restraining the release of pro-apoptotic factor and controlling cell apoptosis.

抑凋亡蛋白平时被隔离在线粒体等细胞器内抑制促凋亡因子的释放，具有抑制细胞凋亡的功能，但一旦与激活的促凋亡蛋白发生相互作用后，便丧失了对细胞凋亡的抑制作用，造成线粒体等细胞器的功能丧失和细胞器内促凋亡因子的释放，导致细胞凋亡。

And 4 h of the HI group were 107±9, 91±10, 76±6, 37±11, respectively, compared to that of the control group of 116±8, showing a tendency of time-dependent decreasing manner (all P 《 0. 05). Conclusion During HI, the dowuregnlation of outward potassium conductance may prevent the emission of interacellularly accumulated K+ ions, thus resulting in osmotically drived water influx into astrocytes via aquaporin-4 and then cell swelling.

在细胞缺氧缺血时，细胞外向性钾通道下调，可能阻止细胞内堆积的钾离子流出细胞外，引起渗透性改变而导致水通过AQP4流入细胞内，从而出现细胞水肿。

The result of frozen MⅡoocytes using three methods indcated that the self-restraintspear method was better than OPS, and the effection of frozen altogether with self-restraintspear method and centrifugal was the best; the frozen effection was not ideal using fluidspear for 8- cell ovocyte.

用三种冷冻方法(OPS法；自制移液枪头法；移液枪头法+离心法)对MⅡ卵母细胞冷冻的结果表明，自制移液枪头法优于OPS法，其中以移液枪头法+离心组的冷冻效果最好；用移液枪头法对体外发育到8-细胞期卵母细胞的冷冻效果不理想。MⅡ期卵母细胞用OPS法冷冻后卵母细胞IVF和电激活的卵裂率都显著高于移液枪头法(P＜0.01)，电激活后2-细胞卵裂率比IVF高。

Following small injections into the caudal part of the insular cortex, the retrogradely labeled neurons were mainlyseen in the parvicellular ventroposterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus, thecentral lateralsubdivision of the PBN, theouter part of the external medial subdivision of the PBN, and the contralateral PBme.

将HRP注入岛皮质首部，标记细胞见于VPMpc和PBN：VPMpc的标记细胞多位于其内侧部，大小为10-15u，以梭形细胞为主，还有圆形和三角形细胞，标记的纤维末稍较少见；PBN的标记细胞主要位于PBl腹侧区和PBm中央区，即PBN腰区，个别细胞散在于小脑上脚内，有少量标记纤维末稍。在PBN其它亚核很少见到标记成分。

The periostea of both experimental and control side of the mandibular ramus were taken and prepared, 2 of each 5 rabbits in a group were prepared for HE stain detection and 3 for proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemical detection.Results:1, The newly formed bone was detected on the lateral aspect of mandibular ramus after periosteal distraction. The bone was shaped like a hill. It looked very low and was full of holes at postoperative day 28. With the time of consolidation period lengthened, the newly formed bone matured gradually. X-ray examination showed the new bone shaped like a hill. The average values of new bone height at postoperative days 28,35,42 and 56 were 1.86 + 0.15mm, 2.29 + 0.29mm,3.19 + 0.13mm and 4.70 + 0.45mm. Histological examination of both HE stain and picricacid-fuchsin stain showed the increase in the number of osteoblasts and the change in the orientation of collagen fibers and bone trabecula. There were no significant differences between newly formed bone and original bone on the lateral aspect of mandibular ramus at postoperative day 56 histologically.2 Compared with the control side, the distracted periostea proliferated obviously under the microscope, and the number of periostealcells increased with satiation of cellular nuclear per unit area. The images of PCNA immunohistochemical stain of periosteum showed that the experimental periosteum proliferated obviously after distraction compared with the control side.

结果：骨膜牵张成骨的实验研究南京医科大学硕{学位论文l、骨膜牵张后，可见下领升支外侧的骨皮质上有新骨形成，新骨呈山峰状凸起，术后第28天的新生骨较低平，多孔隙，随着固定时间的延长，新骨逐渐成熟；下领升支前后向切线位X线投照显示新骨呈山峰样隆起；经测量，术后第28、35、42和56天组平均新生骨厚度分别为x.86士0.15mm、2.29士0.29mm、3.19士0.13mm和4.70 土0.45mm；脱钙骨组织的HE染色和不脱钙骨组织的苦味酸一品红染色的组织学观察均显示了新生骨在成骨细胞数量上的增长，以及胶原纤维和骨小梁排列方向上的变化，术后第56天的新生骨在组织学上与原升支骨组织已无明显区别。2、HE染色显示，与对照组相比较，实验侧骨膜增生明显，细胞间排列紧密，单位面积内骨膜细胞数增多，细胞核饱满；骨膜PCNA 免疫组化染色显示，与对照侧相比较，实验侧骨膜在牵张后出现了明显的增生迹象，PCNA阳性细胞分布紧密，单位面积内阳性细胞数较对照组多，靠近骨表面的骨膜中的阳性细胞数更多而且分布更为紧密。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。