组织细胞的

The course will start with an overview of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the development of their structure and major divisions. The major functional components of the CNS will then be reviewed individually. Topography, functional distribution of nerve cell bodies, ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. Brainstem organization and functional components, including cranial nerve nuclei, ascending / descending pathways, amine-containing cells, structure and information flow in the cerebellar and vestibular systems. Distribution of the cranial nerves, resolution of their skeletal and branchial arch components. Functional divisions of the Diencephalon and Telencephalon. The course will then continue with how these various CNS pieces and parts work together.

这门课将会从中枢和周边神经系统构造的发展和主要的分化点来概述，中枢神经系统的主要功能将会在复习中个别地说明：神经细胞体的断层以及功能性的分布、脊髓内上升和下降神经束的特征学和功能分布；脑干组织和功能要素，包括脑神经核、上升和下降神经束走向、含胺基酸脑激素细胞的分布、小脑和内耳前庭系统的构造和资讯传导流；颅神经的分布、骨弓和腮弓的演化；间脑和终脑的功能与分类；这门课将会探讨这些不同的中枢神经系统如何一起作用。

The multiple unfolding that takes place is entirely dependent upon temporo-spatial overlapping, a continuous meeting in time and space, a sequence of events that must be precisely synchronized so that one phenomenon may act on another at the right time at the right place. The entire ontogenetic process must be seen as a precision schedule that determines the evolvement of a temporo-spatial pattern of interactions between cells and tissues.

多个未呈现的事件被呈现是完全依赖时间性空间的部分重叠，连续不断的会集在时间和空间上，一连串的事件可能同时被发生以便一个现象能在另一个正确的时间和地点活动，相互影响的一个时间性空间形式的发展在细胞和组织之间的整个个体发生过程必须被看作为一个精确的项目表。

The objective of this study is to picture the signal tranduction pathway of apoptosis induced by MC so as to further investigate the impact of MC on transcription, expression and regulation of apoptosis gene and the related biological effects; illustrate the toxicological mechanism of MC; as well as discover the new biomarkers invovled.

本研究工作的目的是通过功能基因组分析的技术平台，探讨微囊藻毒素诱导肝组织细胞凋亡的信号转导通路，以便在此基础上，进一步深入研究该毒素对凋亡功能基因在转录、表达、调控水平上的影响，及由此引发的生物学效应；揭示微囊藻毒素的凋亡毒理机制，同时发现新的生物标记物。

In this research, the pubertal five-week-old SD rats were chose as experimental object to establish the animal model for simulating maxillary protraction, on which was imposed the orthopedic force of 85g with utilizing the self-devised maxillary protraction appliance. Located lateral X-ray cephalograms were taken to measure and analyze the changes of maxillary development after exerting the orthopedic force for 4 weeks. The technique of immunohistochemistry was used to investigate theexpression of TGF-, in frontomaxillary sutures and palatomaxillary sutures with identical force performing for different extent of time. The average hue was selected as indicator, which was measured by the means of the analysis system of pathological color images. The measuring data were analyzed by the one-way ANOVA in software SPSS 11.0 version.

本研究采用自行设计的上颌前牵引装置，以生长发育期5周龄SD大鼠为实验对象，施加85g的矫形力，建立了模拟上颌前牵引的动物模型，通过X线头影测量分析，观察施力4周后上颌骨的生长发育情况；应用免疫组织化学技术，检测同一力值作用不同时段下TGF-β_1在上颌骨的额颌缝、腭颌缝的表达，彩色病理图象分析系统测定每张切片中阳性染色细胞的平均灰度值，结果采用SPSS 11.0进行方差分析。

The result showed that Insulin capsule could increase the insulin sensitivity of model rat of insulin resistance of typeⅡdiabetes mellitus by decreasing its blood sugar,decreasing its avoirdupois,improving its lipodystrophy and hemodynamics , increasing its GLUT4 translocation of skeletal muscle cell,increasing expression level of GK in liver cell, increasing expression level of PEPCK and decreasing level of TNF-αexpression in adipose tissue.

结果表明，胰苏灵胶囊可使2型糖尿病IR模型大鼠的血糖降低、体重减轻、脂质代谢异常得到改善、血流变异常得到改善；能使模型大鼠的脂肪组织TNF- a的mRNA表达水平降低，能使模型大鼠骨骼肌细胞的GLUT4的转位增加，能增加肝GK表达，能诱导PEPCK的转录。通过以上作用，胰苏灵胶囊可使2型糖尿病IR大鼠模型的IR得到改善。

The reseach on activity changes of SOD, POD and CAT during the somatic embryogenesis of Y35 showed:(1) The activty of SOD was from 52.98 to 133.20 U·g-1·h-1, and remained a rising trend after early single embryo forming, this revealed that SOD might be positively correlated to the differentiation of embryogenic cell and the development of somatic embryo.(2) The activty of POD was from 0.05 to 0.50 U·mg-1·min-1, ascended firstly and desceded later, and was highest in embryogenic callus and lowest in late single embryo , this revealed that POD might be positively correlated to the division and differentiation of proembryo mass, while negatively correlated to the development of PEMⅢto late single embryo.(3) The activty of CAT was from 0.86 to 2.81 U·mg-1·min-1, showed an up-down-up trend, reaching to the highest peak at the time of early embryo formating and decreasing to the lowest at the time of early cotyledonary embryo formating, this revealed that CAT might be positively correlated to the development of early single embryo, while negatively correlated to the formation of middle single embryo and early cotyledonary embryo.The changes in activty of SOD, POD and CAT indicated these three antioxidant enzymes coregulated the differentiation and development of embryogenic cells during Larix somatic embryogenesis.4. Differentially expressed cDNA libraries of the stages of proembryo mass and somatic embryo maturation were successfully constructed by suppression subtractive hybridization.

对Y35体细胞胚胎发生过程中抗氧化酶活性变化的研究显示：(1)SOD活性在52.98~133.20 U·g-1·h-1之间，并在早期单胚形成后一直保持上升的趋势，表明其与胚性细胞的分化及体细胞胚的发育均具呈正相关；(2)POD活性在0.05~0.50 U·mg-1·min-1之间，呈现出先下降后升高的趋势，在胚性愈伤组织中最高，而在后期单胚形成时降至最低，表明其与原胚团的分裂和分化呈正相关，但与PEMⅢ向后期单胚的发育呈负相关；(3)CAT活性在0.86~2.81 U·mg-1·min-1之间，表现出升-降-升的变化趋势，在早期单胚形成时升至最高，在早期子叶胚形成时降至最低，表明其与早期单胚的发育呈正相关，而与中期单胚和早期子叶胚的发育呈负相关。

Molecular studies have identified some genes participating in this process, including those regulating anther cell division and differentiation, controlling male meiosis, supporting pollen development, and promoting anther dehiscence.

分子生物学的研究已经发现了一些参与这一过程的基因，包括控制花粉囊组织的分化、小孢子母细胞的减数分裂、小孢子的发育和花药的开裂等。

Results of acute treatments of oral glucose tolerance test showed that the plasma glucose levels of the diabetic Wistar rats administered, both of guava fruit water or alcohol extracts, with 200 or 400 mg/kg BW were lower than the control group (fed with equal volume of saline solution) after 30 minutes gavages. It is considered that the extracts containing protein, lipid and diet fiber may defer the stomach and small intestines to get empty and interfere or delay the sugar absorption and then increase the glucose utilization in diabetic rats.

结果显示糖尿病鼠不论灌食番石榴果实之水及乙醇萃取物粗萃物200或400 mg/kg BW的剂量，於OGTT第30分钟后的血浆葡萄糖值均比糖尿病控制组显著降低，推测原因可能与番石榴粗萃物所含的蛋白质，脂肪及膳食纤维延缓胃和小肠的排空，具有干扰或减缓葡萄糖的吸收，因而促进体内组织细胞对血液中葡萄糖的利用有关。

The animal model of psychological stress was given the conflict of water-drinking and restraint stress, then the rate of the occurrence of the mammary tumor,the level of the corticosterone and the expression of the Hsp70 were compare...

结果 ( 1)实验组的乳腺癌发病率( 71.4%)明显高于对照组的发病率( 2 1.4%)(P 。0 5 )；( 2 )实验组血浆皮质酮水平( 161.5 1± 162 。82 )μg/ml明显高于对照组( 10 。63± 8.3 7)μg/ml( P 。0 1)；( 3 )实验组Hsp70的阳性细胞数目( 12 。47± 11.63 )显著高于对照组( 3 。16± 1.77)( P 。0 1)。结论心理应激促进了Hsp70在C3H/HeJ雌鼠乳腺组织中的表达，Hsp70的过度表达和乳腺癌的发生密切相关。

Objective: It is hotspot to study the effect of diagnostic ultrasound on apoptosis and ultrastructure in special tissue.

目的 应用彩色多普勒超声照射后组织细胞凋亡以及超微结构的变化，是目前超声安全性研究的热点，但是凋亡和超微结构的变化是否会影响子代的脑功能，目前的研究仍没有确切的结论。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。