组织培养

Pragmatic presupposition determines the choice of information focus and its position in a sentence,organizes the discourse into a coherent whole,concise,clear and smooth,and achieves the expected stylistic effects.in college english teaching,if teachers teach the knowledge about pragmatic presupposition in listening teaching,introduce the frequently-seen patterns of presupposition, increase the presuppositional sensitivity of students to certain words and structures,guide students to use the theory on presuppositional information to make forecasts on base of written listening material,listen purposefully,and get rid of the distraction of the minor and redundant information,the ability of students to obtain major information and linguistic inference will be strengthened and their listening competence will improve remarkably.george yule divided presuppositional triggers into factive presupposition,non-factive presupposition,counter-factive presupposition,existential presupposition,lexical presupposition and structural presupposition.presuppositional triggers are helpful for us to understand the true intention of the speaker or writer.in college english reading teaching,if teachers introduce the discourse organizing function of pragmatic presupposition and the relevant presupposition triggers,and teach students to use these triggers to communicate with the writer,the comprehension competence of students will be greatly enhanced.the essential function of presupposition is to build a framework for the further development of discourse.in college english writing teaching,teachers can use the theory on pragmatic presupposition to construct a handy training program for textual organization,increase the textual coherence, economy and structural perfection of the english writings by students.in college english translation teaching,teachers should focus on developing the pragmatic presuppositional thinking of students,enable them to grasp the presupposed information in source text / speech exactly,understand the original thoroughly,correctly reorganize and reproduce the pragmatic presuppositions in the target language,carry out the functional equivalence in translation and successfully realize the smooth and accurate communication.with the instruction of pragmatic presupposition in college english teaching,the complete understanding and integral acquisition of english and chinese of students will come true.in conclusion,to implement the curriculum requirements for college english teaching promulgated by the ministry of education of china,we should emphasize the instruction of the theory on pragmatic presupposition in college english teaching,carry it through from beginning to end.it's one of the important means to realize the college english teaching reform, improve the effects of college english teaching,strengthenr the practical and integrative language abilities of students,in order to cultivate the compound talents to adapt to the global integration and meet the requirements of the reform and opening in china.

在大学英语教学中，教师将语用预设知识贯穿于听力教学过程中，讲授一些常出现的预设类型，提高学生对一些特定的词语和结构的预设敏感度，引导学生运用预设信息理论对听力文字材料进行预测，有的放矢，排除次要、冗余信息的干扰，增强获取主要信息的能力和语言推理能力，从而提。。。更多高学生的听力理解水平。george yule将预设触发语分为事实预设、非事实预设、反事实预设、存在预设、词汇预设和结构预设，触发语有助于我们在阅读当中理解作者的真正用意。在大学英语阅读教学中，介绍语用预设的语篇组织功能和有关的预设触发语，并利用触发语来与作者进行交流，会极大地提高阅读理解能力。预设的基本功能就是为语篇的进一步发展建立一个框架。利用语用预设理论可以为大学英语写作教学构建一个易于操作的篇章组织训练方法，提高学生英语写作的语篇连贯性，经济性和结构优化。在大学英语翻译教学中，注重培养学生的语用预设思维，准确把握源语的前提信息，透彻理解原文，使语用预设在目的语中正确重组和再现，实现翻译的功能对等，交际的流畅性和准确性，并增强学生对英汉双语的全面性认识和整体性习得。综上所述，为更好地贯彻和实施教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》，在大学英语教学中重视语用预设理论的传授，使语用预设贯穿于大学英语教学的始终，是实现大学英语教学改革的重要手段，改善大学英语教学效果，增强学生的实用综合语言能力，培养符合全球一体化趋势，适应改革开放要求的复合型人才。

In four patients with bilateral total corneal stem-cell deficiencies, 3-by-3-mm specimens of oral mucosal tissue were harvested, and the harvested cells were cultured for two weeks with 3T3 feeder cells that had been treated with mitomycin C. Conjunctival fibrovascular tissue was surgically excised from the ocular surface, and sheets of cultured autologous cells were transplanted directly to denuded corneal surface of one eye of each patient, without using sutures.

在4位双侧干细胞完全缺失的病患，取下3乘3的口腔黏膜组织样本，而且被取下的细胞与使用3T3细胞铺成的细胞层以mitomycin C处理，共同培养2个星期；结膜纤维血管组织利用外科从角膜表面切除，而且培养的自体细胞直接地移植到每位病患一只眼睛裸露的表面，不需要缝合。

The digestion process includes the following steps: adding 0.15 % concentration collagenase II solution compounded with DMEM into blood vessel smooth muscle tissue block and acting in water bath for 1.5 hr until forming floccular tissue; cleaning with 0.02 % EDTA solution, adding 0.125 % trypsase solution and water bath vibrating to digest at 37 deg.c to obtain dispersed smooth muscle cells; terminating enzyme action with 10 % new born ox serum culture liquid; regulating cell concentration with 20 % new born ox serum culture liquid to 50,000-500,000/L, inoculation, and culturing in culture tank with 5 % CO2 and first 37 deg.c to cell fusion of 70-80 %; and subculturing conventionally.

向血管平滑肌组织块中，加入用DMEM配制的0.15％胶原酶II溶液，水浴箱中作用1.5h，至组织呈絮状，用0.02％的EDTA清洗，然后，加入0.125％胰蛋白酶溶液，于37℃水浴振荡消化，即可得到分散的平滑肌细胞，用10％新生牛血清的培养液终止酶的作用。加入含20％新生牛血清的培养液，调节细胞密度为5×104～5×105个/L，接种，放入5％CO2、37℃培养箱中培养。当细胞达到70％～80％融合时即可按常规方法传代。

Methods The specimens which were identified as osteosarcoma were cultured primarily in vitro. The surviving cells underwent morphological observation, histochemical staining, isoenzyme pedigree determination, cell cycling analysis, karyotype analysis and heterotransplantation.

采用原代组织块培养法对成骨肉瘤手术标本进行培养，对存活细胞进行形态学观察、组织化学染色、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶谱、细胞周期检查、核型分析、异种移植。

Objective To observe the development of mouse kidney in vitro at embryonic day 12、14、16 and postnatal day 1, and compare with the development of homeochronous kidney in vivo.

目的 观察胚龄12、14、16、以及生后1天的肾组织体外培养的发育情况，与同期在体发育进行比较，探讨肾组织体外培养的胚龄选择。

Objective To observe the development of mouse kidney in vitro at embryonic day 12、14、16 and postnatal day 1, and compare with the development of homeochronous kidney in vivo. And to select eligible the embryonic age for kidney culture in vitro.

目的 观察胚龄12、14、16、以及生后1天的肾组织体外培养的发育情况，与同期在体发育进行比较，探讨肾组织体外培养的胚龄选择。

The cell processes showed up from the edge of explants and neuroglial cell migration was observed at the early stage.

培养早期上丘脑组织块边缘出现细胞突起，胶质细胞迁移，随着培养时间延长，细胞出现凋亡，组织结构破坏。

The friable embryogenic callus with small grains and without proembryo formation was screened in the process of continuous subcultures for 4~6 times on the medium with low content of sucrose from embryogenic cultures induced from immature embryos in litchi (Litchi chinensis Soon.). The well-scattered embryogenic cell suspensions could be rapidly established from the friable embryogenic callus in 2 liquid initial MS media respectively supplemented with 2,4-D 2 mg/L or 2,4-D 2 mg/L, KT1 mg/L and AgNO3 5 mg/L shaking at 100~120 r/min within 10-14 days.

荔枝幼胚诱导的胚性培养物在低糖条件下连续继代4~6次左右，可筛选到颗粒细小、不含原胚的松散型胚性愈伤组织；以这种松散的胚性愈伤组织作为起始材料，在附加2，4-D 2mg/L或2，4-D 2mg/L、KT1 mg/L、AgNO3 5mg/L的MS液体启动培养基上振荡培养（100~120 r/min）10~14 d，即可建立起分散性良好的胚性悬浮细胞系。

The graduates may work in varies social assistance organs, security departments, social institute organizations, social service and welfare organizations, basis government organs and communities as compound and applied professional personnel for social assistance, social security, social policy study, social administration management, communities development and management, social service, accession and operation etc..

Length of schooling： 4 years 社会工作 social work 培养目标：社会工作专业主要培养符合社会发展需要，具有扎实的社会工作理论和知识、通晓现代化专业技术、熟练的社会调查研究技能和较强的社会工作能力，能在各类社会救助、保障部门、社会团体组织、社会福利和服务机构、基层政府组织和社区从事社会救助、社会保障、社会政策研究、社会行政管理、社区发展与管理、社会服务、评估与操作等工作的应用型、复合型高级专业人才。

To understand the infectivity by porcine endogenous retrovirus with porcine skin fibroblast cell in vitro and in vivo, porcine skin fibroblast cell established by our laboratory were co-cultured with neo/HEK293 cell for the infection of RERV in vitro, and were subcutaneously transplantated to SCID (severe combined immuno-deficiency) mice for the infection of PERV in vivo, laying the foundation for valuation of biologic safety of xenotrans-plantation. The event of neo/HEK293 cells infected by PERV occurred during co-culture of porcine skin fibroblast cells with neo/HEK293 cells, expanding the rang of the infection of porcine endogenous retrovirus. Afterpig cells transplantated subcutaneously in SCID mice, the microchimerism (78.57%) of pig cells occurred widel, and there was phenomena of integration of PERV provirus (85.71%) in several organs or tissues remote from the injected sites, indicating infection of PERV in SCID mice in vivo. yet, there is no evidence of active viral replication in analysis of PERV env RNA of these tissues or organs.

为了解猪皮肤成纤维细胞PERV在体外和体内的感染性，通过建立猪皮肤成纤维细胞系，将所建细胞系与人胚胎肾293细胞体外共培养，并移植于严重联合免疫缺陷鼠皮下进行猪皮肤成纤维细胞PERV的体外和体内感染性实验，结果表明，猪皮肤成纤维细胞与人胚胎肾细胞共培养过程中，猪内源性逆转录病霉感染人胚胎肾细胞，进一步证实和拓宽了猪细胞PERV感染人细胞的范畴；猪皮肤成纤维细胞移植SCID鼠皮下后，导致SCID鼠发生猪细胞微嵌合(78.57%)和PERV在体内感染(85.71%)并且波及远离移植部位的多种组织或器官，但是并未检测出SCID鼠组织中表达PERV env RNA。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。