组织培养

The results showed that the structure of mammary gland without leptin keep normal and there were little apoptosis cells in them. But in explants with leptin, the duct and gland alveolus collapsed and the apoptosis cells increased. It showed that leptin induced mammary gland apoptosis

结果显示，不加瘦素培养的组织形态保持较好，凋亡细胞较少；加瘦素培养组织的导管和腺泡结构已经开始发生解体，组织中有较多的凋亡细胞，证明瘦素在退化期乳腺组织中可明显诱导细胞凋亡。

The results showed that callus started forming at root segments from buds of potato cultivar: Ingush No.5 and Ingush No.8 in greenhouse cultured 45d after placement on culture medium: MS+2,4-D 2mg/L+BAP 3mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L+sucrose 30g/L+agar 7g/L and diffused light.

结果表明，青薯5号和青薯8号温室生长幼芽根组织接种MS+2，4-D 2mg/L+BAP 3mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L+蔗糖30g/L+琼脂7g/L培养基上散光条件下培养45~90d产生愈伤组织，诱导率为0.024%；青薯5号愈伤组织接种1/2MS+2，4-D 0.5mg/L+BAP 2mg/L+KT 2mg/L+GA30.5mg/L+ZT0.2mg/L+蔗糖20g/L+琼脂7g/L培养基上培养80d分化出再生植株，分化率为6.25%，再生植株切成一叶茎段接种于MS+BAP 0.1mg/L+IAA 10mg/L+GA30.1mg/L+白糖30g/L+琼脂6g/L培养基上培养3周长成株高8~10 cm、叶7~10片、叶色深绿和根系发达的小植株。

The result shows that: with the expansion of teacher education space, the reform and development of Chinese teacher education is much closer or equal to that of the international teacher education. The transitional stage and education reform in China puts forward a new demand for P. E. talents. The innovation as to education object, specification and curriculum arrangement raised in P. E. Curriculum Arrangement for Chinese Universities with four-year Program published in 2003 meets such a demand, and narrows the gap of education development in high P. E. academy between China and foreign countries. P. E. teachers abroad are usually cultivated by comprehensive universities, the cultivating objectives are verified, and generalists adapted to social development are emphasized. Cultivating mode abroad are various, with "open-type" or "non-directional type" as the main mode, and 4-year program, 5-year program, and 3-year program serve as the main form of education system. Curriculum arrangement abroad stresses general education, with foundationalization, normalization, objectification, optionalization, miniaturization, internationalization and syntheticalization as its characteristics and it employs credit system. The close-typed cultivating mode of P. E. academies in China should be gradually transformed into open-type or multi-type, cultivating generalists instead of specialists, and further constructing a new one with several cultivating types co-existing. Orientation of P.E. teachers in China should follow standard principle, coordination principle, experience principle and resource principle. To improve P.E teacher education in China, the following measures can be taken: relevant laws and regulations should be made for orientation; P.E teachers" training organization should be encouraged to participate in orientation; extension and connotation of P.E. teacher education should be expanded; resources should be optimize; systematic P.E. teachers" orientations should be organized;"Life P.E. Teacher Qualification "should be changed; useful-life should be set for P. E. teacher qualification; P.E. teacher qualification should be regularly authenticated; On-job training of P. E. teachers abroad tends to be systematic, but in China P.E. teachers" on-job training and prevocational training are separated; therefore measures must be taken to change this circumstance and thus speed up the systematic process. Factors concerning constructing a new system of P. E teachers are the following: reconstructing resources, making P.E. teachers" cultivation, orientation and training systematic, establishing a mechanism for encouragement and punishment, making school-based training and college training systematic, and setting up a mechanism combining directional training with non-directional training.

研究结果表明：随着教师教育革新空间的拓展，我国体育教师教育的改革与发展水平逐步与国际体育教师教育发展趋于接轨化。2003年颁布的《全国普通高校体育教育本科专业课程方案》在培养目标和规格、课程设置上的创新性，适应了我国社会转型和教育改革对体育教育专业人才的需求，进一步缩小了与国外高等体育院系教育发展的差距；国外体育教师一般由综合性大学或文理多科性大学培养，培养目标多向化，以培养适应社会发展的通才型人才为主；培养模式灵活多样，多数以"开放型"或"非定向型"培养模式为主，学制多以4年制、5年制、3年为主；课程设置上注重通识教育，突出基础化、师范化、针对化、选修化、小型化、国际化和综合化特点，实行完全学分制的教育管理制度；我国普通高校体育教育本科专业人才培养模式应该由封闭性转向开放式混合型的人才培养模式转变，由专才型转向复合型人才培养模式转变，构建多种类型并存的人才培养模式；我国体育教师入职教育革新应遵循的原则是本位原则、协同原则、经验原则和时间与资源原则，改进措施有：做好入职教育的法规化、制度化建设，激励体育师资培育机构参与体育教师的入职教育，拓展体育教师教育的外延和内涵，优化整合资源，系统组织体育教师的入职教育，改变体育教师资格"终身制"，设定体育教师资格有效期限，推行教师资格定期认证制度等；国际上体育教师在职培训体系显现了体育教师教育一体化的发展取向，但我国体育教师的在职培训与职前培养存在分离性，必须采取改革措施，加速我国体育教师教育的一体化进程；构建体育教师教育新体系的实施要素是：重组资源配置，实现体育教师培养、入职和培训一体化，建立奖惩机制，实现校本与院校培训一体化，建立体育教师定向与非定向培养培训有机结合机制。

The results showed that the mammary tissue cultured in superfusion system could keep normal tissue activity and ultrastructure within 24-72 h in DMEM plus 10 % calf serum, while mammary tissue stationary culture could keep normal tissue activity and ultrastructure within

结果表明：以1 mL/h 的速度灌流培养的奶牛乳腺组织在DMEM+ 10 %小牛血清培养基中24~72 h 内保持良好的组织活性和超微结构，贴壁培养的奶牛乳腺组织在DMEM+ 10%小牛血清的培养基中48~108 h 内保持良好的组织活性和超微结构，两种培养方法各有优缺点。

The biomechanical tests showed that two kinds of artificial bones had not significant difference on compressive strength and Young\'s modulus(P＞0.05),while the flexural strength of nano-nacre artificial bone was less than the control group(P＜0.05).3.The results of CCK-8 showed that the difference were not significant in each group,the proliferation of osteoblast reached the peak at the 5th day;7 days after being co-cultured,the total protein content of study group was higher than control group and blank group(P＜0.05),while the difference between control group and blank group was not significantP＞0.05The difference of alkaline phosphatase activities among three groups was not significant(P＞0.05The SEM view showed that osteoblast attached and grew well in two kinds of artificial bone.4.X-ray photography showed that two kinds of powder started to degrade in 2 weeks;this phenomenon became more appear in 4 weeks,nano-nacre powder degraded faster than micron-nacre powder,while the hole shadow was easy to be found;in 8 weeks,all the femoral holes recovered and returned to normal bone mineral density in all groups.Analysis of tetracycline fluorescent double marks in the hard tissue grinding slices indicated that new bone grew fastest around the bone defect area in study group,while most slowly in blank groupP＜0.05 SEM(scanning electron microscope observation showed that nano-nacre powder degraded more quickly.The same result can be found through the demineralized sections morphometric analysis,and both of the composite artificial bones made from those two kinds of nacre powder had the good connection with the adjacent tissue in rats body without apparent inflammatory response.5.X-ray photography showed that rabbit\'s bone defects healed faster in study group since NNAB implanted than in control group since MNAB implanted.At 24 weeks after operation,bone density in radial defects had nearly accessed to the normal area,while lower in control group,and turned up nonunion in blank group;The checking of BMD showed that results in study group were higher than those in control group at 8,16 and 24 week(P＜0.05), and the difference between the BMD values in study group at 24 week and those in blank group was not significant(P＞0.05).The gross specimens showed satisfactory histocompatibility both in study group and in control group,with bone tissue growing from two sides into the center of implanted materials; Normal slices in HE stain and hard tissue grinding slices in Stevenel\'s blue/Van Geison\'s picro-fuchsin stain showed that the bone growth tendency was better in study group than that in control group,and the medullary cavity had been penetrated to the implanted materials in study group at 24 week;Analysis of tetracycline fluorescent double marks in the hard tissue grinding slices indicated that new bone in both groups grew fastest 8 weeks after surgery,while slow down at 16 week.

纳米珍珠层/消旋聚乳酸复合人工骨与微米珍珠层/消旋聚乳酸复合人工骨分别与成骨细胞共培养后，其各时间点CCK-8法检测值与空白对照无显著差异(P＞0.05)，成骨细胞均在第5天达到增殖高峰期；培养7天后，实验组细胞蛋白含量高于对照组及空白组(P＜0.05)，后两者之间则无显著差异P＞0.05碱性磷酸酶活性在三组间均无显著差异(P＞0.05电镜下可见成骨细胞在两种人工骨上都有良好生长贴附能力。4.X-ray显示两种粉体在大鼠股骨骨洞植入第2周时都开始出现了降解，第4周时更为明显，纳米珍珠层粉较之微米珍珠层粉降解更快，而空白对照组骨洞阴影仍可见，至8周时，则所有组骨洞均己闭合修复，X-ray下已不可见原钻孔痕迹，恢复正常骨质密度；硬组织磨片四环素荧光双标记结果显示纳米珍珠层粉植入组较其余两组在骨缺损区周围新骨生长速度更快，空白组速度最慢P＜0.05电镜观察及常规脱钙切片亦可见到纳米粉体降解较快；由以上两种原材料制得的纳米珍珠层/消旋聚乳酸复合人工骨与微米珍珠层/消旋聚乳酸复合人工骨在大鼠体内均与周围组织结合良好，无明显炎症反应。5.X-ray显示纳米珍珠层/消旋聚乳酸复合人工骨植入兔桡骨缺损区后其骨愈合速度较对照组微米珍珠层/消旋聚乳酸复合人工骨植入的快，至植入术后24周，实验组骨缺损区接近正常骨密度，对照组骨缺损区密度较低，空白组则呈现骨不连状态；骨密度测量结果显示术后8周、16周、24周实验组的骨密度值高于对照组(P＜0.05，24周实验组的骨密度值与术前所测得的正常值无显著性差异P＞0.05动物取材大体所见均显示组织相容性良好，骨组织逐渐由植入材料两端向中央生长；常规切片HE染色及硬组织磨片Stevenel\'s blue/Van Geison\'s picro-fuchsin联合染色均可见实验组骨缺损区长势优于对照组，至术后24周，实验组骨髓腔与材料已呈相交通状；硬组织磨片荧光显微镜下观察，两组材料在术后8周处于骨生长最快速时期，16周时速度开始减慢，术后4、8、16周时实验组的新骨生长速度均较对照组的快

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells are capable of chondrogenesis, making them a possible source of cells for injectable cartilage tissue engineering. There exist different ideas on the ability of mesenchymal stem cells's chondrogenesis in monolayer culture. Because of this, the effect of adult rabbit's bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells chondrogenesis in monolayer culture was studied. The mesenchymal stem cells was isolated from adult rabbit's bone marrow and monolayer cultured. TGF-β1, Vit-C and Dexamethasone were used. Immunohistochemistry analyses and histological staining of H-E, Methylaniline blue and Alcian blue were performed to identify the expression of collagen type Ⅱ and cartilage associated matrix. The results showed that the induced cells expressed and produced collagen type Ⅱ and cartilage associated matrix. This suggests that the differentiation of adult rabbit's marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocyte in monolayer culture is feasible and may be induced by TGF-β1, Vit-C and Dexamethasone.

骨髓基质干细胞的软骨分化潜能使其可能成为可注射组织工程化软骨研究的种子细胞，为探讨体外培养的骨髓基质干细胞在平面诱导条件下软骨分化的可行性，我们进行下列实验：获取并体外平面培养成体兔骨髓基质干细胞，应用TGF-β〓、Vit-C和地塞米松对其软骨分化诱导，诱导后的骨髓基质干细胞行细胞爬片组织学和Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化，结果证实，诱导后骨髓基质干细胞可分泌Ⅱ型胶原，组织学染色可见类似于软骨细胞，由此证明体外培养的骨髓基质干细胞在平面诱导条件下可以软骨分化，其软骨诱导因子为TGF-β〓、Vit-C和地塞米松。

Methods BMSCs isolated from rabbit iliac bone marrow were culture-expanded in vitro. The injectable tissue-engineered bone constructed from autologous PRP, FG, and BMSCs was cultured in vitro, and its biological characteristics were observed including the time of gel formation, histological features, seed cell survival and microscopic structures. Results The constructed injectable tissue-engineered bone began gel formation within 20 to 30 s, and after a week-long culture, the gelatine began to degrade, and numerous well viable fusiform cells could be seen to adhere to the bottom of the Petil dish, Scanning electron microscopy identified globular and olivary cells embedded in the fibrin glue, and numerous small particles could be seen around of the cells.

从兔髂骨处抽取骨髓体外培养BMSCs并诱导向成骨细胞分化，抽取兔自体动脉血提取PRP，以FG、BMSCs、PRP共同构建可注射型组织下程骨并体外培养观察其生物学特性如凝胶形成时间，组织学特点、细胞存活情况及其超微结构特征等结果构建的可注射型组织工程骨可在短时间内形成凝胶，体外培养1周时其中细胞生长良好，电镜下见纤维蛋白网格结构致密，种子细胞及血小板颗粒分布广泛。

Three-dimensional Matrigel constructs contained aleolar forming units comprised of cells displaying AE2 cellular ultrastructure while expressing the SpC gene and gene product. The addition of tissue-specific growth factors induced formation of branching, sacculated epithelial structures reminiscent of the distal lung architecture.

通过对细胞亚微结构的观察和对SpC基因及其表达产物的分析，研究者发现培养体系中肺组织形成单位中具有能向肺泡II型上皮细胞分化的细胞；而通过添加组织特异性的生长因子，他们还发现这一做法会促进培养组织形成具有分支和囊状上皮结构的类似终末肺泡组织的形态结构。

With many years of research, two inbreeds 18-599 and 18-599 are sieved to be excellent on both characters of induction efficiency and number of regenerating. They also act much better comparing with those superior acceptors as B73, A188 and zong 31, which are known in foreign and home country, and their induction efficiency don't act different essentially, however their number of regenerating is much lower.

6经过多年的重复研究后筛选到的玉米幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数等2个幼胚培养能力性状均表现十分优良的自交系18-599和18-599，与国内外公认的玉米转基因优良受体，如B73、A188和综31、中自03等相比较，它们不仅在幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导率表现上没有实质性的差别，而且在胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数的表现上要比后者优良得多。

The results showed as following: NMB was suitable for the callus induction, and MS for differentiation.500 mg/L of Glu or Arg redounded to the callus induction.All the cultures were kept under dark, 25-28 ℃, pH 5.8 for callus induction; and 25-28 ℃, 1 500-2 000 lx,12-14 h/d,pH 5.8 for differentiation.6-BA shows a significant result on the growth of callus;The optimal concentration of hygromycin is 50 mg/L.

结果表明：NMB培养基适合水稻成熟胚盾片愈伤组织诱导，MS培养基适合愈伤分化；500 mg/L谷氨酰胺或精氨酸有利于愈伤组织的形成；培养条件：愈伤组织诱导时温度25～28 ℃，暗培养，pH 5.8；分化时温度25～28 ℃，光照1 500～2 000 lx，12～14 h/d，pH 5.8；6-BA对继代过程中愈伤组织的生长有促进作用；潮霉素筛选的最佳浓度为50 mg/L。

Lugalbanda was a god and shepherd king of Uruk where he was worshipped for over a thousand years.

Lugalbanda 是神和被崇拜了一千年多 Uruk古埃及喜克索王朝国王。

I am coming just now,' and went on perfuming himself with Hunut, then he came and sat.

我来只是现在，'歼灭战perfuming自己与胡努特，那麼，他来到和SAT 。