线粒体的

To master the ultrastructure of mitochondrion;the molecular structure elements of Oxidative Phosphorylation;electron-transport chain;the coupling mechanism of Oxidative Phosphorylation and electron transport;the main content of chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis;the structure and chemical composition of thylakoid;electron transport and photophosphorylation;the mechanism of photophosphorylation;the evidence of endosymbiotic theory.

掌握线粒体的超微结构；氧化磷酸化的分子结构基础；电子传递链；氧化磷酸化作用与电子传递的偶联机制；渗透假说的主要内容；类囊体的结构；类囊体的化学组成；电子传递和光合磷酸化；光合磷酸化的作用机制；内共生起源学说的根据。

Sertoli cells can provide a material basis and a favorable microenvironment for sperm. After X radiation, spermatogenic cells and mitochondrion dramatically swelling and lysis with a decrease of mitochondrial cristae, with the prolonging of time, the mitochondria damage get even worse, mitochondrial crista is disappeared.

Sertoli细胞在精子发生过程中可为精子发生提供物质基础和能力，为精子发生提供有利的微环境，对精子的生成有复杂的作用。X射线照射后即出现生精细胞和支持细胞线粒体明显肿胀，线粒体嵴减少，且随着时间延长，线粒体形态的损害进一步加重，线粒体数量减少，线粒体嵴消失。

To make it clear, using multilaser flow cytometry, molecular biologic technology and laser confocal microscope scan technology, we fixed eyes on mitochondrial permeability transition pores, mitochondrial transmembrane potential and caspases-3 (cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinases) which are playing key roles of mitochondria. Meanwhile, the research also discussed the characteristics of Δψm of cells in cut specimenfrom esophageal carcinoma, adjacent tissue of esophageal carcinoma and the normal esophageal tissue.

为探讨食管癌细胞凋亡过程中线粒体所起的具体作用，本课题采用流式细胞检测、分子生物学和激光共聚焦扫描技术等手段，研究了食管癌细胞凋亡中，线粒体所起关键作用的环节—线粒体通透性转变孔(Mitochondrion Permeability Transition Pore，MPTP)、线粒体跨膜电位ΔΨm和线粒体释放反应中的Caspase-3(Cysteine protease-3)；同时研究了食管癌手术切除标本中癌灶、癌旁和切端三处组织的细胞线粒体跨膜电位的特性。

This work is the first report about the complete mitochondrial genomes on A.melete and E. pyretorum.It adds two more Lepidopteran complete mitochondrial genome sequences,and has accumulated useful information for mitochondrial phylogenomics research of insect.

本研究首次对鳞翅目黑纹粉蝶A.melete和樟蚕E.pyretorum线粒体基因组进行了序列测定、拼接及线粒体基因组注释和分析，丰富了鳞翅目昆虫的线粒体基因组数据，为进一步开展昆虫线粒体谱系基因组学的研究提供重要参考。

The Chinese Muntjac's mitochondrial genome, consisting of 16354 base pairs which encode genes for 13 proteins, 2 rRNAs, and 22 tRNAs, is similar to those mammals in both order and orientation.The sequence of rRNA gene ,some of the protein-coding regions and tRNAs are highly homologous in mammals. Differences existing in the length and sequence of the D-loop regions account for the variations in mammals mitochondrial genomes.

与其他哺乳动物线粒体基因组全序列的比较研究发现：全长为16 354bp的小麂线粒体基因组同样编码13种蛋白质、2种rRNA和22种tRNA，除了用于调控线粒体DNA复制和转录的D-Loop区以外，小麂线粒体基因组各基因长度、位置与其他哺乳动物相似，其编码蛋白质区域和rRNA基因与其他哺乳动物具有很高的同源性。

The mitochondrion and chloroplast are the semiautonomous organelles: the DNA of mitochondrion and chloroplast; the protein synthesis of mitochondrion and chloroplast; protein sorting and assembly of mitochondrion and chloroplast.

线粒体和叶绿体是半自主性细胞器：线粒体和叶绿体的DNA；线粒体和叶绿体的蛋白质合成；线粒体和叶绿体蛋白质的运送和装配。

To explore the feasibility of the mitochondrial DNA as transgenic vector, we translated the mtDNAs of the Antheraea pernyi, Diaphania pyloalis Walker and the fish to the silkworm. Through microscopic examination and mtDNA polymorphism analysis, we tested the maintenance of the foreign mtDNA in the silkworm and investigated the influence of the foreign mtDNA to the physiological behavior.

为了探索线粒体DNA作家蚕转基因载体的可行性，本实验将柞蚕、桑螟和鱼的线粒体DNA转入家蚕体内，通过着色镜检、线粒体DNA多态性分析检测了外源线粒体在家蚕细胞中的存留情况，并调查了外源线粒体对家蚕生长的影响。

They encompass the following broad bands of biological roles:(1) basic structural units of cellular membranes and cytologically distinct subcellular bodies such as chloroplasts and mitochondria;(2) compartmentalizing units for metabolically active proteins localized in membranes;(3) a store of chemical energy and carbon skeletons; and (4) primary transport systems of nonpolar material through biological fluids.

这类物质无论在功能上还是结构上都有明显不同，它们具有以下广泛的生物学作用。1。细胞膜和细胞中亚细胞器，如叶绿体和线粒体的基本结构单元。2。定位于细胞膜上具有代谢活性蛋白质的划分单位。3。化学能和碳骨架的储藏物质。4。以生物流的形式使细胞内非极性物质得以运输。

The observed effects appear to result from mitochondrial uncoupling, uptake of the drugs, biliary secretion of their metabolites, and from inhibition of potassium channels.

这些观察到的变化是由于线粒体的脱耦联、药物的吸收、代谢产物的胆道分泌及对钾离子通道的抑制造成的。

LDH in culture fluid, SOD, XOD, free calcium in L-6TG cell and mitochchondral respiration were evaluated in each group; apoptosis was detected by flow cytometer with PI staining method and agarose gel electrophoresis; the immuneohistochemical method was used to determine the expression of bcl-2 and Caspase-3 ; the morphoiogic changes were observed with microscope.

将培养的L-6TG大鼠肌母细胞随机分为3组：①正常对照组，②缺血再灌注组（1R组），③缺血预处理组，观测了培养上清中LDH、细胞内SOD、XOD、Ca(上标 2+)含量的变化；采用MTT法检测线粒体的功能；利用流式细胞仪和细胞DNA电泳结果检测细胞凋亡情况；采用免疫组织化学的方法检测bcl-2及Caspase-3的蛋白表达情况，结合自动图像分析系统对其结果进行定量分析；在光镜下观察细胞的形态学改变。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。