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To assess support for the monophyly of East Asian endemic cyprinid taxa, we used the mitochondrial CO1 gene sequences for phylogenetic reconstruction of the family Cyprinidae.

2为探讨东亚特有鲤科类群的单系性以及其内部物种的系统发育关系，本研究将实验获得的线粒体CO1基因序列与GenBank中下载的序列相结合构建鲤科鱼类的系统发育树。

Comparisons of mitochondrial gene arrangements of decapod suggested that rearrangement of the four gene-block found in Eriocheir is informative for high level phylogenetic study of decapod.

十足目动物线粒体基因排列顺序的比较研究显示，在绒螯蟹中发现的4基因块的重排，对十足目高级阶元的系统发生研究是有用的信息。

The thylakoid of chloroplast was lost, the chloroplast was shrinked and composed into several discontinuous parts, which suggest that the function of chloroplast was destroyed;(2) the cell wall was thickened clearly, plasmolysis was found in most of Platymanas subcordiformis cells;(3) the number of mitochondria increased, some cristae of mitochondria were dissolved;(4) the number of vacuolar increased and the size of vacuolar was not uniform, the shape was deformed;(5) the nucleus was deformed and part of the nucleus membrane was dissolved;(6) Golgi dicytosomes accompanied with a loose arrangement of cisternae and the peripheral tips of the dictyosome cisternae are not especially swollen.

叶绿体内的类囊体缺失，叶绿体皱缩，叶绿体被分离成几个不连续的部分，说明叶绿体功能被破坏；(2)细胞壁明显增厚，细胞壁与细胞膜存在质壁分离现象；(3)线粒体数目增多，部分内嵴遭破坏；(4)液泡数目增多，大小不等，形状不规则；(5)细胞核变形，核膜部分解体；(6)UV-B处理的高尔基体有一个排列松弛的潴泡，潴泡的外围顶端并没有特别膨大。

Morphological and flourescent changes were assessed using confocal microscopy in whole-mount organ of Corti preparations. Results (1) After the animals were exposed to broadband noise at 122 dB SPL in 4 h/day for 2 days, both apoptosis and necrosis appeared in OHCs. The single strand DNA in apoptotic OHCs were observed both in guinea pigs and mice.(2) In normal OHCs, EndoG was distributed outside of nuclei. EndoG translocated from outside to inside of the nuclei in both apoptotic and necrotic OHCs following noise exposure.(3) The MNNG cochlear perfusion and noise exposure both caused the transloctation of AIF from the mitochondria to the nuclei. The translocation of AIF took place in both apoptotic and necrotic OHCs.

结果 (1)暴露于120 dB SPL的白噪声环境中每天4小时，连续2天后引起豚鼠和小鼠耳蜗外毛细胞凋亡时，其细胞核内产生ssDNA，而在正常细胞内没有三ssDNA；（2）在正常情况下，EndoG分布于耳蜗毛细胞的细胞核外，在暴露于上述噪声后发生凋亡和坏死的豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞中，EndoG从细胞核外转移到细胞核内，细胞核中的EndoG显著增加；（3）豚鼠耳蜗外淋巴灌流烷化剂MNNG后发生耳蜗外毛细胞凋亡和坏死，在凋亡和坏死的耳蜗外毛细胞中，AIF自线粒体转移到细胞核，其变化与噪声损伤引起耳蜗外毛细胞凋亡和坏死时一致。

This paper reviewed the advances in honeybee breeding involving to estimate the numbers of subfamilies in a colony and analyze the genetic correlation among workers; guess the polyandry level of queens and identify the purity of a subspecies; build a linkage map and discriminate loci of quantitative traits; genotype and distinguish full sister from semi sisters; analyze the trend of sperm to inseminate an egg and so on by means of such molecular biotech as microsatellites DNA, mitochondria...

综述了应用微卫星 DNA技术、线粒体 DNA技术、随机扩增多态性 DNA、聚合酶链式反应和 DNA指纹等分子生物技术所进行的蜜蜂育种研究现状。其应用主要包括估计蜂群内亚家系的组成数目和分析工蜂间的遗传相关，推断蜂王的多雄水平和鉴定蜜蜂种性，构建连锁图和区别数量性状位点，鉴定基因型和区别全胞、半胞姐妹以及分析精子受精力的倾向性等

The are obvious biases in the both codon and amino acid usage in Lepidoptera species mitochondrial PCGs.NNU and NNA are the most frequently used codons.

鳞翅目昆虫的线粒体基因组中蛋白编码基因密码子的使用和氨基酸使用都有极强的偏向性，其中NNU和NNA密码子的使用频率相当的高。

The results showed that Mephitinae was divided from Mustelidae firstly,and then the remain were divided into two branches.Martes species and Wolverine were contained in one branch which was formed a sister group with Eurasian badger of Melinae;Lutrinae species and Polecat of Mustelidae formed a sister group,and Marbled polecat was sister to the clade of Lutrinae species and Polecat.They formed another branch.Eurasian badger has the closest relationship with the Sable of Martes,and Lutrinae has the closest relationship with Mustelidae.

以狼为外类群，应用邻接法构建鼬科线粒体控制区全序列的系统进化树，结果表明：臭鼬亚科最先从鼬科中分化出来，随后剩余类群分为两大支系，即貂属种类与貂熊聚为一支，并与獾亚科的狗獾形成姐妹群；另一支为水獭亚科的物种与鼬属的林鼬形成姐妹群，再与虎鼬聚在一起，狗獾与貂属的紫貂亲缘关系最近，水獭亚科与鼬属亲缘关系最近。

Our data not only point to regular endurance exercise as a viable strategy to delay the onset of age-related dysfunctions but they suggest that mitochondrial function and insulin resistance may be linked by additional factors such as physical activity.

我们的数据不仅指出规则的耐力锻炼是延迟衰老相关性机能障碍的主要策略，并且指出线粒体功能和胰岛素抵抗之间的关系可能受另外的一些因素所影响

In this study, we discussed the phylogenetic relationships in the Anura groups with the sequences of the 12 proteins encoded in the H-strand and 22 tRNAs of mtDNA from 21 species from GenBank. They all indicated that Anura were divided into the Archaeobatrachia and the Neobatrachia,these results supported the monophyletic origin of Anura.

结合饰纹姬蛙和金线蛙的mtDNA以及GenBank上公布的共21种无尾目的线粒体基因组，本文基于编码重链12个蛋白质的基因和编码22个tRNA的基因分别构建了MP系统树，分析了21种无尾目动物的亲缘关系，结果都显示将无尾目分为两大群，支持无尾目的单系起源。

Moreover, we we sequenced the entire mitochondrial DNA control region from 17 charadriiform species, and found that the base composition and distribution of the variable nucleotide sites within the control region were similar to other avian species, but a series of short tandem repeated motifs in the 3' end of domain III made A nucleotides and length increased significantly. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these sequences could not well resolve the relationship among genus in Charadriiformes, but within genera maybe has some valuable phylogenetic information.

此外，本研究测定了鸻形目17种鸟类线粒体调控区序列，发现在碱基组成和进化速率上与其它鸟类相似，但其3'末端的串联重复序列导致domain III长度且A含量显著增加；利用调控区序列未能较好的解决鸻形目属以上水平的分类，但对于解决属内物种间的进化关系具有一定的参考价值。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。