线粒体

Since mitochondria are the descendants of free-living bacteria that shacked up with the ancestor of modern animals and plants about 2 billion years ago, they have their own genes, independent of the cell nucleus.

线粒体是浮游细菌的后代，20亿年之前就与牲畜的祖先和植物共居一体。它们有自己独立的细胞核外基因。

Immunohistochemistry results showed that the gray of PC12 cell cytoplasm appeared shallowing after HFS, suggesting that tyrosine hydroxylase activity decreased; The numbers of visible mitochondria in the cytoplasm, secretory granules, processes and synapse were decreased.

结果：相比对照组，HFS后PC12类神经细胞光镜下突起长度显著缩短，突起个数明显减少；酪氨酸羟化酶免疫组织化学结果显示HFS后PC12细胞胞质灰度降低，提示酪氨酸羟化酶代谢水平下降；电镜下可见胞质中的线粒体、分泌颗粒减少，突起和突触减少。

Reaction pushes the plane through the air, just as reaction sends skyrockets into the heavens

确定当含有丙酮酸脱氢酶的兔肌肉线粒体用下列方法处理时，这个反应的速率有何变化

However, the membrane of toxopalsma in liver tissues was stickled out and broken, vacuole lied in cytoplasma, mitochondrion and endoplasic reticulum were swollen or broken, and dense granules were disappearing TEM ×10000

肝组织内弓形虫随扁桃酸作用时间的延长，其受损程度明显加重。在治疗早期(24、72h)肝组织内虫体胞膜突出、破裂，胞质中出现空泡，线粒体和内质网肿胀或破裂，致密颗粒消失，虫体电子密度降低(图2B)。

Despite recent progress in the study of Bax during apoptosis , it remains unclear how Bax translocates to mitochondria and then induces the release of cytochrome c and other substances.

虽然关于Bax蛋白的研究已经取得了很大进展，但是Bax蛋白是如何转位到线粒体以及如何引起细胞色C释放等许多问题尚未十分清楚。

When cells are stimulated by apoptosis factors, TR3 is induced rapidly and then translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, in which it targets to the mitochondria,inducing apoptosis.

当细胞受到凋亡因子刺激时，TR3表达提高并从细胞核转运至线粒体诱导细胞凋亡。本文研究发现，RXRα可以在胃癌MGC80-3细胞中发生核浆穿梭转运，并且具有能量依赖性的特性。

The full-length Bid is inactive. Cleaved by caspase 8,the carboxy-terminal portion of Bid then translocates to mitochondria and is sufficient to trigger cytochrome c release. This is the key regulatory step in apoptosis.

它具有可被caspase 8酶切调控、高效地诱导细胞色素c从线粒体泄漏到胞浆中的功能，从而在细胞凋亡中起着重要的作用，因而倍受人们的重视。

However, a steady input of evidence for the transcription-independent function of p53 in apoptosis has been accumulating recently. Although a detailed mechanism has not yet been determined, recent data have revealed that upon an apoptotic stimulus, p53 translocates into mitochondria to interact directly with Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL to displace and activate proapoptotic Bax signaling.

但是，还有研究证明p53也通过转录非依赖的形式来调节细胞凋亡，尽管这个作用的机制还没有被详细的阐明，但是最近的研究报道说明了，p53可以直接转移定位到线粒体上，与Bcl-2或者Bcl-xl结合后，从而使Bax游离下来并活化。

In order to establish the simple extraction method of wheat mitochondrial DNA, this study investigated the effects of triturating material, exacting mitochondria and exacting and purifying mtDNA from yellow seedling of wheat, respectively.

为了建立小麦线粒体DNA快速提取体系，以小麦黄化苗为材料，分别研究了材料的研磨、线粗体的抽提和mtDNA的提取及纯化过程中众因素的影响。

The observed effects appear to result from mitochondrial uncoupling, uptake of the drugs, biliary secretion of their metabolites, and from inhibition of potassium channels.

这些观察到的变化是由于线粒体的脱耦联、药物的吸收、代谢产物的胆道分泌及对钾离子通道的抑制造成的。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。