线粒体

Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship in goldfish were examined using mitochondrial D-Loop partial sequences at eight representative varieties of goldfishes and wild crucian carp. The eight representative varieties were Red Common Goldfish, Red Fantail, White Oranda with Red Carp, White Pearlscale, Red Tigerhead, Black Moor, Red Moor with Butterfly Tail and Red Bubble-eye with Dorsal Fin. 699 base-pair nucleotide sequences of Mitochondrial D-Loop were examined and analyzed for genetic polymorphism, Sequences data showed that all 129 sequences were grouped into 17 haplotypes. Nine representative varieties shared same haplotype. Five representative varieties of goldfishes had haplotypes respectively.

采用PCR技术扩增了红草金鱼，红文鱼，红顶白高头，白珍珠，红狮头，红龙睛蝶尾，墨龙睛，红水泡八个品种金鱼和野生鲫线粒体DNA的D-Loop区部分序列，PCR产物经纯化、测序、同源序列比对后获得长度为699bp的核苷酸序列，在129个样本中共检测到了17个单倍型，9个品种共享1种单倍型，5个品种的金鱼(BM， MB， WR， RF， RC)检测到各自独有的单倍型。

METHODS: After AIF△1-120 gene was successfully cloned, the shorter truncated human AIF gene (AIF△1-400) was constructed by deleting the Nterminal mitochondrial localization sequence, the coding sequence of flavine adenine dinucleotide binding domain and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide binding domain of AIF protein.The truncated human AIF gene (AIF△1-400) was inserted into the pIRES2EGFP and pcDNA3 eukaryotic expression vectors, and the coexpression vectors were then transfected into HeLa cells with LipofectAMINE.

在AIF△1-120基因克隆成功的基础上进一步改造，构建截去AIF基因线粒体定位信号，FAD结合结构域和NADH结合结构域（1-400位氨基酸）编码序列的AIF△1-400基因，将其克隆入pcDNA3和pIRES2EGFP真核表达载体，用脂质体法转染HeLa细胞，通过荧光显微镜观察，MTT检测等方法检测该基因在转染细胞中的表达及其对肿瘤细胞的促凋亡活性。

METHODS: After AIF△1-120 gene was successfully cloned, the shorter truncated human AIF gene (AIF△1-400) was constructed by deleting the Nterminal mitochondrial localization sequence, the coding sequence of flavine adenine dinucleotide binding domain and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide binding domain of AIF protein.

在AIF△1-120基因克隆成功的基础上进一步改造，构建截去AIF基因线粒体定位信号，FAD结合结构域和NADH结合结构域（1-400位氨基酸）编码序列的AIF△1-400基因，将其克隆入pcDNA3和pIRES2EGFP真核表达载体，用脂质体法转染HeLa细胞，通过荧光显微镜观察，MTT检测等方法检测该基因在转染细胞中的表达及其对肿瘤细胞的促凋亡活性。

The FAD in the electron-transferring flavoprotein, which mediates electron flow from fatty acyl coenzyme A to the mitochondrial electron transport chain, cycles between oxidized quinone and anionic semiquinone.

在电子风潮转移黄素蛋白，介导电子从脂酰辅酶A流入线粒体电子传递链，循环氧化之间醌和醌阴离子。

The mitochondrial respiratory Complex II or succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase is an integral membrane protein complex in both the tricarboxylic acid cycle and aerobic respiration. Complex II comprises of two hydrophilic proteins, flavoprotein and iron-sulfur protein, and two trans-membrane proteins, the molecular weight was 125KDa, as well as prosthetic groups required for electron transfer.

线粒体呼吸链复合物II即琥珀酸泛醌氧化还原酶是一个跨膜蛋白复合物，复合物II由两个亲水蛋白和两个穿膜蛋白构成，总的分子量大约在125kD左右，这里面包含了从琥珀酸到泛醌传递电子所需的电子传递体。

Morphological and flourescent changes were assessed using confocal microscopy in whole-mount organ of Corti preparations. Results (1) After the animals were exposed to broadband noise at 122 dB SPL in 4 h/day for 2 days, both apoptosis and necrosis appeared in OHCs. The single strand DNA in apoptotic OHCs were observed both in guinea pigs and mice.(2) In normal OHCs, EndoG was distributed outside of nuclei. EndoG translocated from outside to inside of the nuclei in both apoptotic and necrotic OHCs following noise exposure.(3) The MNNG cochlear perfusion and noise exposure both caused the transloctation of AIF from the mitochondria to the nuclei. The translocation of AIF took place in both apoptotic and necrotic OHCs.

结果 (1)暴露于120 dB SPL的白噪声环境中每天4小时，连续2天后引起豚鼠和小鼠耳蜗外毛细胞凋亡时，其细胞核内产生ssDNA，而在正常细胞内没有三ssDNA；（2）在正常情况下，EndoG分布于耳蜗毛细胞的细胞核外，在暴露于上述噪声后发生凋亡和坏死的豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞中，EndoG从细胞核外转移到细胞核内，细胞核中的EndoG显著增加；（3）豚鼠耳蜗外淋巴灌流烷化剂MNNG后发生耳蜗外毛细胞凋亡和坏死，在凋亡和坏死的耳蜗外毛细胞中，AIF自线粒体转移到细胞核，其变化与噪声损伤引起耳蜗外毛细胞凋亡和坏死时一致。

The analysis of genetic sign of mitochondrial DNA is of great value in forensic medicine practice.

线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA，mtDNA)遗传标记的检测在法医学实践中有着重要的价值。

Billions of years ago, free-living bacteria are thought to have become incorporated into living cells as energy-providing mitochondria.

据测在数十亿年前，一些自由生活的细菌进入到活细胞内部，变为负责提供能量的线粒体。

Mitochondria are self-replicating, and probably they are the evolutionary descendants of what were once free-living prokaryotes.

线粒体可以自我复制，很有可能是曾经游离原核生物演化而来的后代。

Amazingly, these mitochondria were once free-living bacteria that were captured by an early single-celled eukaryote.

令人惊奇的是，这些线粒体曾是被早期单细胞真核生物俘获的自生细菌。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。