线粒体

In Vertebrate, mtDNA is generally a 15-22 kb circular genome. mtDNA is arranged in the same relative order in almost all vertebrate species from teleost fishes to eutherian mammals.

脊椎动物线粒体DNA是一个长度约为15-22kb环形结构。mtDNA呈母系遗传，在大部分的脊椎动物中具有相对保守性。

In animals, mitochondrial DNA is generally a 15-22 kb circular genome containing 37 genes: 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes, as well as a control region. All 37 genes are arranged in the same relative order almost in all vertebrate species from teleost fishes to eutherian mammals. In recent years, mtDNA has been widely used as a useful marker system in numerous phylogenetic analyses in vertebrate relationships.

脊椎动物线粒体DNA是一个环形结构，长度约为15-22kb.mtDNA呈母系遗传，具有相对保守性，已被广泛应用于分析动物个体鉴别和动物类群间的系统发生关系。

Objective To study the protection function of Ethaol exaction from ropolis to damage of the rat liver from oxygen free radicals.

目的研究蜂胶醇的提物对线粒体氧自由基损伤的保护作用。

Strain AR-15 penetrated the exodermal passage cells through the velamen cells or root hairs and further infected the cortical cells. There were a number of spores and hyphae in plant roots that was damaged by strain AR-15. Study on the ultrastructure of D. nobile root and its endomycorrhizal formationshowed that the wall of velamen cells of D. nobile root was thin, and there were waxylayers outside of velamen. Cells of exodermis were arranged tidily, having thick wallsand chloroplast.

金钗石斛根及其菌根的超微结构研究表明，金钗石斛根的根被细胞薄壁，在最外层根被细胞之外覆盖着蜡质层，外皮层细胞排列整齐，细胞壁厚，内含叶绿体，靠近外皮层的皮层细胞含叶绿体、线粒体，皮层细胞壁薄，细胞核明显，周围有叶绿体围绕，细胞膜附近有小泡结构。

The cortical cells had thin walls and mitochondrium, and nucleus wassurrounded by chloroplasts, and vesicles were next to cell plasmalemma. However, cellwalls of velamen, cortex and exodermis in the mycorrhiza of D. nobile had ring orpapillary thickenings in many cases. The hyphae were surrounded by moremitochondria and vesicles of plant, and the hyphae were digested and their structure waschanged at last. The cell wall of endodermis also had typical ring thickenings, and manysieve orifices in sieve tube elements of phloem were covered by callose, while therewere liaison cords in a few sieve orifices.

金钗石斛菌根的根被细胞的细胞壁多处出现环形圈，外皮层细胞壁加厚，木质化，也有环形圈存在，皮层细胞细胞壁多角形明显，加厚，皮层细胞中存在被消化、失去结构的真菌菌丝，在菌丝周围有较多的线粒体、小泡，内皮层细胞的细胞壁呈现的典型的加厚及木质化环形圈，韧皮部筛管的筛板结构，绝大多数筛孔已为胼胝质所覆盖，仅个别筛孔中还存在连络索。

The results showed that the mutant contained high trehalose content and high cell survival rate kept even after 4 h 18 %vol alcohol treatment (no respiration deficiency existed), which indicated that high trehalose content could protect cells membrane and prevent DNA loss of mitochondria and exosmosis of intracellular materials.

结果表明，中性海藻糖酶缺失突变株细胞海藻糖含量较高，用18 %vol的酒精处理4 h后仍可保持高的细胞存活率，并且无呼吸缺陷型的出现，说明高海藻糖含量可以保护细胞膜，防止线粒体DNA丢失和胞内物质的外渗，与酵母的酒精耐性之间存在一定的关系。

Beijingensis under three droughttreatments, normal, moderate and severe stresses. The results showed:(1) the canker disease ofboth cultivars was serious gradually with increased drought;(2) the bark tissue cells sufferedplasmolysis, more evident with the severity of drought stress;(3) under the drought andinoculation with B. dothidea, cells of two cultivars damaged at different degree, mailyrepresented in the changes of organelles, such as chloroplast swollen and distorted, number ofmitochondria increased and membrane system indistinct; then organelles suffered furtherdamagement with inoculation time, thinned mitochondrias stroma, decreased cristae, crumpledand partly broken membrane of chloroplasts with stroma exosmosis. At last, the chloroplastspartly disorganized;(4) the hyphae growed mainly intercellular in resistant cultivar and notonly intercellular but also intracellular in susceptible cultivar, which directly caused thenecrosis of cells;(5) under the severe drought, the damage of cells enhanced the infection ofpathogen and drought and pathogen stressed together and promoted the disease development;the damage from pathogen on cells was more serious than that from drought.

结果显示：(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的增加，2种杨树溃疡病害发生渐趋严重；(2)干旱胁迫下，杨树树皮组织细胞发生质壁分离，并随胁迫程度的增加而严重；(3)干旱胁迫下接种病原菌，2种杨树细胞发生不同程度的损伤，主要表现为细胞器发生较大变化，如出现叶绿体肿胀变形、线粒体数量增多，质膜模糊不清等现象；随接种时间的延长，细胞器受到进一步损伤，叶绿体被膜折皱，严重时局部破裂，基质外渗，并部分最终解体；(4)毛白杨中的菌丝主要在细胞间隙中穿行，而北京杨的菌丝除在细胞间隙中生长之外，侵入细胞内部也较多，直接导致细胞的解体；(5)干旱胁迫下细胞的损伤促进了病原菌的侵染，干旱和病原菌的双重胁迫加剧了病害的发生程度，并且病原菌侵染对细胞的破坏程度大于水分胁迫。

The influences of INA were as follows: The mulcher of pollen parietes was disintegrated or disappeared in certain section and even the entire extine was deleted. The injuries of organelles in the pollen were demonstrated by plastosome peplos imperfect, vesicle sterility; concentric circles of the endoplasmic reticulum or fold arranged, to form the membranal inclusions by enwrapping part of the cytoplasm, and decrease of ribosome amount.

INA细菌对花粉的超微结构的影响表现为：使花粉壁的覆盖层在某些区域解体消失或整个花粉外壁缺失；使花粉中的细胞器受到破坏，包括线粒体被膜不完整，嵴呈囊泡状；内质网呈同心圆卷绕或折叠状排列包围部分细胞质而形成膜内含物；核糖体数量明显减少等。

The profiles of the terminals are sometimes exhibited finger like projections. The X organ locates at the ventral surface of the medulla terminalis ganglion in the eyestalk, oppositing to SG.

神经末梢含有大量的膜结构包围的颗粒、线粒体、粗面内质网和许多电子透明的小泡，末梢外周有时可见指状突起。

Capsaicin their family and the aromatic elements of grass-formaldehyde adhesion to the cancer cell to the protein inside the mitochondria and trigger apoptosis (cell stimulation in the environment under the control of the phenomenon of natural death), also will not hurt The surrounding healthy cells.

辣椒素所属的分子家族以及芳香草醛能黏附到癌细胞线粒体里面的蛋白上，引发癌细胞凋亡(细胞受环境刺激后在基因调控之下所产生的自然死亡现象)，同时还不会伤害周围的健康细胞。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。