线粒体

Results: The main ultrastructural changes after Cd treatment included swelling or vacuolation of mitochondria, increase of myelin figures in GCT cells, and swelling of mitochondria in the endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries. The changes above were most prominent at 7~15d, and swelling of the cytoplasm and slight karyolysis were also found. The morphology of GCT cells didn't recovery to normal yet after 30d.

结果：镉注射后24h，GCT细胞内出现不同程度的线粒体肿胀和空泡化，胞质和线粒体内可见髓样结构，GCT周围毛细血管内皮细胞线粒体肿胀。7~15天后上述改变明显加重，部分GCT细胞见胞质广泛肿胀和轻度核溶解，30天后细胞形态仍未恢复正常。

They spread throughout Africa over the following 50,000 years or so: around 100-80,000 years ago, three main lines of Homo sapiens diverged, bearers of mitochondrial haplogroup L1 / A colonizing Southern Africa (the ancestors of the Khoisan/Capoid peoples), bearers of haplogroup L2 / B settling Central and West Africa (the ancestors of Niger-Congo and Nilo-Saharan speaking peoples), while the bearers of haplogroup L3 remained in East Africa.

在随后的5万年里，他们遍布整个非洲。约100000-80000年前，三个主要的智人血统分开了，携带线粒体单倍群L1/A的在非洲南部殖民，携带线粒体单倍群L2/B的定居在中非和西非（讲尼日尔-刚果语和尼罗-撒哈拉语的人的祖先），携带线粒体单倍群L3的仍然留在东非。

The general properties of the organization and structure characteristics of lepidopteran mitochondrial genome are drawed form the viewpoint of structural,comparative and evolutionary genomics through comparison of the two new genome data wjth the other Lepidopteran species data in GenBank.

通过将两种新测序的线粒体基因组与已测序的13种鳞翅目昆虫线粒体基因组序列进行比较分析，从结构、比较与进化基因组学的角度总结了鳞翅目昆虫线粒体基因组的结构组成以及序列进化等方面的一般特征。

In these fragments, both the resting and the vegetative cell macronucleus DNA had 18 and 44 specific fragments, respectively.

在所选用的32条随机引物中，线粒体DNA共扩增出154条片段，其中以休眠细胞线粒体DNA为模板扩增出19条特有片段，以营养细胞线粒体DNA为模板扩增出25条特有片段，两者有29％的差异。

METHODS: Using Rhodamine123 (Rh123) as fluorescent prober to measure mitochondrial membrane potential and to record mitochondrial respiratory parameters with a Clark electrode ,the effect of diazoxide on mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial respiration were investigated.

以罗丹明 12 3为荧光探针测定线粒体膜电位，氧电极法测线粒体呼吸，观察二氮嗪对正常大鼠心肌线粒体跨膜电位及呼吸的影响。

Yellow-throated marten\'s relationship is between Stone marten and Fisher marten.Fisher marten is the first species who was divided from Martes.The second one were Yellow-throated marten and Stone marten.Based on the analysis of the fossil note,Martes came from Central Europe,Fisher marten,Yellow-throated marten and Stone marten belonged to a branch which evolved to temperate zone.Boreal forest martens was another branch which evolved to cold environment.It is suggested that Yellow-throated marten and Fisher martenwere ascertained genus separately.4、By contrasting and analyzing 11 complete mitochondrial control region gene sequences of Mustelidae,the extended termination associated sequence domain、the central domain and the conserved sequence block domain were identified.A extended termination associated sequence(ETAS1) and eight conserved sequence(CSB-F、E、D、C、B、1、2、3) was indicated,and sequence mode was presented.Different kind of short repeat sequences were found between CSB1 and CSB2.With wolf as the outgroup,the phylogenetic evolution relationship of Mustelidae was analyzed using the neighbor-joining method.

而基于鼬亚科动物线粒体DNA12种重链编码蛋白基因序列及石貂和渔貂线粒体ND2和cyt b全序列，以狼、狗獾和水獭为外类群，应用NJ、MP和ML法构分别构建貂属和貂熊的系统进化树，结果表明：紫貂与日本貂亲缘关系较美洲貂近，石貂与真貂亚属亲缘关系较近，黄喉貂介于石貂和渔貂之间；渔貂是最早从貂属分化出的种类，其次是黄喉貂和石貂；结合化石记录分析，貂属起源于中欧地区，渔貂、黄喉貂和石貂属于一个向温带进化的分支，而真貂亚属为另外一个向寒冷环境进化的分支，建议将黄喉貂和渔貂分别定为单独的属。4、比对并分析11种鼬科动物线粒体DNA控制区序列，识别出延长终止序列区、中央区和保守序列区3个区域，指出了一个终止相关序列ETAS1及8个保守序列(CSB-F、E、D、C、B、1、2和3)，并给出了序列通式，在CSB1和CSB2之间发现具有不同形式的短串联重复序列。

Hyphae, loaded with CTC under pH 6. 8 condition and then grown in pH 8. 0 medium for a little while to destroy the apical acidification, could gave very diffuse fluorescence images of CTC membrame bound Ca〓 and vermiform fluorescence spots due to mitochondrias under pH 6. 8 no longer were clearly distinquished, which implied that besides mitochondrias, other cellular organelles with Ca〓 also were stained with CTC. Thus mitochondrias are not the only one intracellular Ca〓 storage, endoplasmic reticulums and Golgi bodies in the same zone may be also the Ca〓 storages. But the extreme apical zone under 2μm of the growing hyphal tip was still almost devoid of stain under pH 8. 0.The CTC fluorescence was concentrated in the subapic zone beyond about 2μm from the tip and then gradually became lower behind about 40μm from the tip. These results did not support the hypothesis which suggested that the cell wall vesicles in the extreme apical zone were intracellular Ca〓 storages.

将菌丝在pH6.8条件下负载CTC，再置于pH8.0培养介质中短暂生长一会儿以消散菌丝顶端的酸化区域，则CTC膜结合Ca〓呈现弥散的荧光影像，在pH 6.8培养条件下显示的蠕虫状的线粒体荧光斑点不再能够清晰辨认，说明除了线粒体之外，还有其它含Ca〓细胞器，也被CTC染色，线粒体并不是细胞内唯一Ca〓库，还可能包括内质网、高尔基体等细胞器，但菌丝最顶端2μm以前的细胞壁泡囊区域不能被染色，最大荧光强度仍位于菌丝顶端2μm以后区域，约45μm以后荧光变弱，实验结果不支持细胞壁泡囊为菌丝胞内Ca〓库的假设。

RESULT: 1.Ouabain act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane discontinuous,epithelium cells clustered,occluding zonule seperated,lens fiber layers fractured.Under the EM,cells totally hollowed,mitochondria swelling,myelin figure appeared.RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.2.Digoxin act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens cell oedema,linkage distructed,extensive exfoliation.Under the EM,plasma appeared little half-transparant hollow region,mitochondria swelling and ridge disappeared. RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all decreased.3.Amphotericin B act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens epithelium cells linked tightly,arranged in-line,lens fiber layers arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,abbundant cellular organes,exuberant cells function indicated. RT-PCR examine the expression condition of αsubunit of sodium pump on mRNA level,α1 and α3-isoform are increased significantly,demonstrated isoform-specific action.4D-thyroxine act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens plasmalemma integrated,cells arranged tightly and regularily.Under the EM,nucleus fission appeared,desmosome half-desmosome and tensile microfilaments linked the cells. RT-PCR examine,α2 and α3-isoform are increased, also demonstrated isoform-specific action.5.Vitamin E act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane continuous and smooth,epithelium cells tightly linked,lens fiber layers appearede hollow region occasionally.Under the EM,lateral membrane high density belt appeared,abundant nucleolus. RT-PCR examine,onlyα1-isoform are increased, demonstrated significantly isoform-specific action.6.DMSO act on lens sodium-pump,under the LM,lens anterior capsular membrane slightly thicker,cells linkage partly distructed.Under the EM,plasmalemma denaturation,mitochondria swelling.RT-PCR examine,α1、α2 and α3-isoform are all altered slightly and haven't significant meanning.

结果：1、哇巴因作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜断裂、上皮细胞聚积、闭合连接分离、纤维板层裂隙，电镜下全层细胞空泡化、线粒体肿胀出现髓样结构，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。2、地高辛作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体细胞水肿、细胞连接破坏、广泛剥离，电镜下胞质见少许半透明空化区、线粒体肿胀嵴消失，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达均减弱。3、两性霉素B作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体上皮细胞紧密连接、线状排列、纤维板层紧密规整，电镜下细胞器丰富、细胞功能旺盛，RT-PCR法检测α1及α3表达显著增强、具有一定的重整异构作用特异性。4、D甲状腺素作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体质膜完整、细胞排列紧密规整，电镜下胞核见分裂像、细胞间有桥粒、半桥粒及张力微丝，RT-PCR法检测α2及α3表达均增强、亦有一定的重整异构作用特异性。5、维生素E作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜连续光滑、上皮细胞紧密连接、纤维板层偶见空化，电镜下囊侧膜内有高电子密度带、细胞核仁丰富，RT-PCR法检测仅有α1的表达显著增强、具有极强的重整异构作用特异性。6、二甲基亚砜作用于晶状体钠泵后，光镜下晶状体前囊膜轻度增厚、细胞连接部分破坏，电镜下质膜变性、线粒体肿胀，RT-PCR法检测晶状体钠泵α亚单位α1、α2及α3三种重整异构体在mRNA水平的表达无显著改变。

Angiectasis, permeability were increased , inflammatory cell were transuded; The cardiac muscle injury conditions after hypoxia 4 h were similar with hypoxia 2h group, appeared lipid droplet, implied the oxidative metabolism of lipid got obstacle started from then; The cardiac muscle injuried conditions were got little improvement in hypoxia 6 and 8 hours team, mitochondria were increased and aggregatived, normal cell junction, sarcomere contract weaked; in hypoxia 10h group , mitochondria were increased and aggregatived obviously, a few glycogenosome were assembled, transverse tubule were expanded, all the changes may be the adaption of Gansu zokors in the hypoxia tolerance process to 4% hypoxia extent gradually.

在4%严重低氧耐受过程中，甘肃鼢鼠心肌超微结构在2h组出现血管扩张，通透性增加，有炎细胞渗出，异染色质边集；4h组心肌损伤状况与2h组接近，出现脂滴，提示脂类的氧化代谢在此时开始发生障碍，6和8h组心肌损伤状况逐渐好转，线粒体聚集增多，细胞连接正常，肌小节收缩较前有所减弱；10组线粒体增多聚集，线粒体脊增粗更为明显，少量糖原颗粒聚集，脂滴较前有所减少，横小管扩张增大变粗，出现了与能量代谢有关的结构适应性变化。

The 12940 bp nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of a brachyura dacapod, Eriocheir japonica sinesis, was determined. The arrangement of 27 genes of the mitochondrial DNA differs from that of the mitochondrial DNA in all other arthropods studied.

中文题名中华绒螯蟹线粒体基因组与16S rDNA遗传标记研究副题名外文题名 The mitochondrial genome of the mitten crab，Eriocheir japonica sinensis(Crustacea：Decapoda：Brachyura) and genetic marker from mitochondrial 16S rDNA 论文作者孙红英导师周开亚教授学科专业动物学研究领域\研究方向学位级别博士学位授予单位南京师范大学学位授予日期2002 论文页码总数80页关键词蟹中华绒螯蟹线粒体基因组遗传标记馆藏号BSLW /2003 /Q959 /30 测定了短尾类十足目动物中华绒螯蟹的线粒体基因组12940 bp的核苷酸序列。

However, as the name（read－only memory）implies, CD disks cannot be written onorchanged in any way.

然而，正如其名字所指出的那样，CD盘不能写，也不能用任何方式改变其内容。

Galvanizes steel pallet is mainly export which suits standard packing of European Union, the North America. galvanizes steel pallet is suitable to heavy rack. Pallet surface can design plate type, corrugated and the gap form, satisfies the different requirements.

镀锌钢托盘多用于出口，替代木托盘，免薰蒸，符合欧盟、北美各国对出口货物包装材料的法令要求；喷涂钢托盘适用于重载上货架之用，托盘表面根据需要制作成平板状、波纹状及间隔形式，满足不同的使用要求。