线粒体

Sequence homologies suggest that both mitochondria and chloroplasts have evolved separately from lineages that are common with eubacteria, with mitochondria sharing an origin with a-purple bacteria, and chloroplasts sharing an origin with cyanobacteria.

序列同源建议，线粒体和叶绿体分开地演变了与是共同与eubacteria，用线粒体分享起源与紫色细菌，和叶绿体分享起源与cyanobacteria 的后裔。

AtDFA is dihydrofolate synthase localized in mitochondria, it catalyzes one glutamate added to the dihydropteroate and produces dihydrofolat. AtDFB, AtDFC and AtDFD are folylpolyglutamate synthase localized in plastid, mitochondria and cytosol respectively. A short chain ofγ-linked glutamates can be added by FPGS.Folate molecules exist in vivo mainly as polyglutamates and these are preferred by folate-dependent enzymes.

AtDFA为二氢叶酸合成酶(dihydrofolate synthase，DHFS)，定位于线粒体，在它的催化作用下，一个谷氨酸分子与二氢蝶酸(dihydropteroate ， DHP)相结合，形成二氢叶酸；AtDFB、AtDFC、AtDFD为多聚谷氨酸合成酶(folylpolyglutamate synthase，FPGS)，分别定位于质体、线粒体和细胞质，在多聚谷氨酸合成酶的作用下，谷氨酸分子可以逐一连接到四氢叶酸的谷氨酸γ位。

The result indicated BaP and the subsequent oxidative stress disturbed the expression of mitochondrion-encoded genes, and this was potential biomarker for oxidative stress following xenobiotic exposure.

研究表明，土壤中苯并［a］芘污染改变了蚯蚓线粒体基因组的表达水平，线粒体基因组表达异常是多环芳烃污染胁迫的重要分子生物标记物。

The OXPHOS electron transfer chain (mitochondrial respiration chain) is located on the inner membrane of mitochondrion and comprising of four large trans-membrane protein complexes (mitochondrial respiratory Complex I, II, III and IV) as well as ubiquinone between Complex I/II and III and cytochrome c between Complex III and IV.

摘 要：线粒体作为真核细胞的重要&能量工厂&，是细胞进行呼吸作用的场所，呼吸作用包括柠檬酸循环和氧化磷酸化两个过程，其中氧化磷酸化过程的电子传递链位于线粒体内膜上，由四个相对分子质量很大的跨膜蛋白复合体(I、II、III、和IV)、介于I/II 与III之间的泛醌以及介于III 与IV之间的细胞色素c共同组成。

There is close relation between high density of malate and the exercise. At the same time, malate can promote to produce energy in mitochondrion; elevate spotters Anaerobic Threshold; reduce the depletion of glycogen.

在运动时骨骼肌细胞线粒体中较高的苹果酸水平与维持运动状况有着密切的联系，同时苹果酸具有促进线粒体能量供应，提高运动员的无氧阈，减少糖原的消耗等功能。

Dense cytoplasm with abundant mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulums, multivesicular bodies, vesicles and plastids were observed in normal light intensity.

在正常光照下的伴胞具有致密的细胞质，内含丰富的线粒体、内质网、多泡体、囊泡和质体，而弱光下的伴胞明显液泡化，同时含有少量的线粒体和内质网。

After the exposure, the retinas were examined with light and electron microscope. results: under light microscope, irregular nucleoplasm and unclear border of nucleus in the ganglion cell layer were found in the experimental groups of 2 h, 12 h and 24 h. these changes were also found in the inner nucleus layer. under the electron microscope, swollen mitochondria and vacuolized endoplasmic reticulums were found in all the layers of retina in the groups of 2 h, 12 h and 24 h, most obvious in the group of 24 h. in the group of 72 h, only lightly swollen mitochondria and dilated endoplasmic reticulums were found in the ganglion cell layer of retina.

结果： 光镜：实验组中2，12及24 h组均可见视网膜神经节细胞层内细胞核出现核质不均匀，核边界不清，内核层细胞核也有同样改变；电镜：实验组中2，12及24 h组视网膜各层均出现线粒体肿大，内质网空泡样变，以24 h组最为严重，72 h组仅见视网膜神经节细胞层出现轻度线粒体肿大，内质网扩张。

Pure mitochondrial DNA was successfully obtained by using SDS and proteinase K to crack mitochon, phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol extraction to remove protein, and digestion with RNase A.

用SDS和蛋白酶K裂解线粒体，经酚：氯仿：异戊醇抽提除去蛋白，并用RNaseA消化从而得到单纯线粒体DNA。

Mitochondria are mobile organelles and cells regulate mitochondrial movement in order to meet the changing energy needs of each cellular region.

线粒体是可移动的细胞器，细胞调节着线粒体的运动，从而满足细胞每个区域的能量提升需求。

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between olfactory disturbance and ultrastructural mitochondrial changes in olfactory bulb neurons of aged rats in comparison with young rats.

目的：对衰老和年轻大鼠嗅球内神经元的线粒体超微结构进行对比观察，分析衰老大鼠嗅觉障碍与嗅球内神经细胞线粒体改变的关系。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。