线尺度

A mesoscale convergence line, which is formed by downslope wind from the Taihang Mts. Converging with southwest warm humid wind in front of a surface trough, induces the release of the CAPE and initiates convection and organizes the convective cells into a squall line.

由于太行山地形影响而产生的下坡风与地面低压槽前的西南暖湿气流相汇合，形成中尺度辐合线，触发了不稳定能量的释放，产生对流并由中尺度辐合线组成飑线。

Also, in the decoration sometimes need some decorative wire feet, cheek, floriation so on, but in some home-improvement in the deliberate pursuit of large-scale collage Dingjiao Xian, lumpy Door-line, ultra-scale round roof lines, the consequences of this decoration is that it reduces the room space, but also elegant and generous Qiyun lost, but also the loss of a family should have a warm decoration taste.

还有，在装修中有时需要一些装饰性的线脚、贴脸、花饰等，但在有些家装中刻意追求拼贴大尺度的顶角线，粗笨的门套线，超尺度的圆型顶棚线，这种装饰所产生的后果是，既缩小了居室空间，又失掉了典雅大方的气韵，还丧失了家庭装修应有的温馨品位。

Numerical tests are also conducted to investigate the microphysical effects to the mesocale convective systems. The evaporation of raindrops can strengthen the surface "cold pool" to decease the temperature of rainfall center. The condensation of vapor can lower the air pressure and increase the convergence and updraft so that the convective echo develops stronger. The melting of graupel can cool the air to restrain the convective activity. The falling of precipitation particles can increase the downdraft and induce the outflow nearly the surface. The effect of condensation is the most important among all the microphysical processes. It can change the whole structure of cloud system.

微物理过程对对流系统发展和维持有重要作用：强降水的雨滴蒸发过程会加强"冷池"效应，同时增强了雨带南侧原有的地面中尺度辐合线；凝结潜热在低层诱发了与回波相应尺度的中尺度低压，增强了辐合和上升运动，促进对流发展；霰的融化吸热通过冷却大气会不利于气压下降、气流辐合抬升等过程，降低对流不稳定能量，减缓对流发展；重力拖曳使气块冷却降温，降低对流不稳定能量，并且使低层的气压升高、气流辐散，在近地面附近产生出流，加强地面中尺度辐合线的强度。

A numerical study of the along-line variability of a frontal squall line during PRE-STORM.

利用 PRE-STORM 期间在85年6月26~27日出现的一锋面飑线的18小时预报考察了中尺度和大尺度环流在飑线沿线变率生成过程中的作用。

The result shows that the severe convection weather arise in the transition from verticality to forward slant of the upper trough, so there was a different advection between the mid- and lower- troposphere, which was quite important to the formation and development of convective instability. The event was triggered by the surface low and meso-scale convergence line, and the squall line was direct influencing system.

结果表明：这次强对流天气过程发生在高空槽由垂直结构向前倾结构转变的过程中，中高层干冷平流、低层暖湿平流的大气层结增强了对流不稳定的发展，飑线是此次强对流天气的直接影响系统；太行山地形和平原南部的中尺度辐合线，对飑线系统的触发、组织、移动具有重要作用，强对流区发生在地面中尺度辐合线南侧的偏南气流里。

Study of the causes of MCS intensification and rainstorm shows that( 1) just before the heavy rains occur, there are high temperature, considerably wetness and unsteady convective stratification in the air over the rainstorm-hit area, in addition to significant increase in convectively efficient potential energy, condensation height and decrease in the height of free convection – all these favor the happening of the heavy rain,(2) the mergence of meso-βcloud clusters leads to the MCS such fast growth as to produce rainstorm,( 3) the two lines of cumuli in the north and west correspond, separately, to two convergences on the surface wind field, with stronger convergence at their meeting point responsible for such intense development of meso-βcloud cluster as to bring about torrential rains.

分析MCS加强和产生暴雨的原因表明，首先，暴雨发生前夕暴雨区域具有高温、高湿和对流性不稳定层结，并存在明显的对流有效位能增加、抬升凝结高度及自由对流高度降低的现象，有利于暴雨发生。第二，β中尺度云团之间的合并，使MCS迅速增长，产生暴雨。第三，北、西两条积云线分别与地面风场中的两条辐合线相对应，在它们交汇处的较强辐合导致β中尺度云团强烈发展产生暴雨。

Observation of radar and intensive surface wind of 0505 typhoon Haitang is used to analyze the relationship between radar reflectivity and observed precipitation and the relationship between mesoscale surface stream field and heavy rainfall. The analysis shows that when the Doppler radar reflectivity reaches 50 dbz, it has a good correspondence to the heavy one hour precipitation. Besides, heavy precipitation is also related to the mesoscale cyclonical current and confluent currents, it occurs near the mesoscale cyclonical or confluent current appearing at the same time.

利用严重影响浙江东南地区的2005年05号台风的雷达和地面加密风场资料，分析对比台风中尺度暴雨过程中雷达回波与实况降水、中尺度地面流场与暴雨之间的关系，结果得到：多普勒雷达近地面强回波带或中心往往达到50 dbz时，与一小时的强降水区有很好的对应关系，暴雨中心区也与地面加密的中尺度流场中出现的中尺度气旋性环流和汇合气流有关，强暴雨区落在同时刻中尺度涡旋或汇合线附近。

The cluster and ordination of the sample lines based on annual change in the same line transect in small scale, or on seasonal changes among the different line transects in large scale, or on them together.

中国东部季风地区鸟类群落的聚类或排序以小尺度上相同样线上鸟类组成的全年变化来进行，也以大尺度上不同样线鸟类的季节组成来进行，或两者结合进行。

Results show that the heavy rainfall event occurred under the favorable environmental conditions, resulted from the interaction of mid-and low-latitude systems. The mesoscale convergence and the mesoscale low triggered the occurrence of the heavy rainfall. Rain clusters bringing the heavy rainfall were related to meso-β systems. The meso-β mesoscale rain clusters appeared to the north of the cyclone center on 1000 hPa after filtering and to the south of the meso-α convergence line on 850 hPa.

分析表明：暴雨发生在高低空流场及中低纬系统配置非常有利的天气背景下，是多种尺度天气系统相互作用的结果；在对流性不稳定层结中，冷空气沿等熵面侵入到中尺度辐合系统中，激发了中尺度低涡的迅速发展，在孟加拉湾和南海源源不断输送的水汽配合下，导致了暴雨的发生；中β尺度对流雨团发生在滤波后1000 hPa 等压面的低涡中心北侧和850 hPa 中α尺度辐合线南侧，呈现暖式切变的降雨特征。

The result showed that the strong storm followed by mesoscale squall line was primary cause of strong sandstorm producing, steps and ladders short wave trough of 500 hPa was great criterion triggering system for the mesoscale squall line producing, the essential dynamic condition was provided by distortion field and the mesoscale low pressure of 700 hPa for the strong sandstorm forming and maintaining in mid-west of Hexi Corridor, the deep vertical circulation development condition was basic power that urged squall line to occur and sand dust to curl up, which was provided for the deep convection development by superimposition of lifting movement before ground cold front and ascendant current of secondary circulation in upper air jet entrance region, temperature and the barometric gradient around the cold front was enlarged by enhancement of ground thermal low and temperature diurnalvariation of afternoon, by which essential thermal energy unstable condition was provided for the gale and strong sandstorm eruption, the strong sandstorm appeared in downstream of -200 m^2s^(-2) center of vertical helicity, the vertical helicity had good instruction significance for development of squall line and landing region of sandstorm, the mesoscale squall line occurred in unstable stratification, basic condition of potential energy transforming as kinetic energy was provided by strong unstable stratification for the strong sandstorm forming and developing.

结果表明：中尺度飑线所伴随的强风暴是产生强沙尘暴的主要原因；500 hPa阶梯短波槽是中尺度飑线产生的大尺度触发系统，河西走廊中西部700 hp变形场、中尺度低压为强沙尘暴形成和维持提供了必要的动力条件；地面冷锋前上升运动与高空急流入口区次级环流的上升气流的叠加，为深对流发展提供了深厚的垂直环流发展条件，是促使飑线发生和沙尘卷起的基本动力；地面热低压的加强和午后气温的日变化加大了冷锋前后的温度和气压梯度，为大风、强沙尘暴爆发提供了必要的热力不稳定条件；强沙尘暴出现在垂直螺旋度为－200平方公尺/s^2中心的下游，垂直螺旋度对飑线的发展和沙尘暴的落区具有较好的指示意义；中尺度飑线发生在不稳定层结内，较强的不稳定层结为强沙尘暴形成、发展提供了位能转化为动能的基本条件。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。