纵向

Since the 90's in 20 century, competition is becoming increasingly intensive. Vertical integration is gradually replaced by horizontal integration, and the competition among enterprises has shifted among the supply chains.

20世纪90年代以来，随着竞争的日益激烈，纵向一体化逐渐被横向一体化所取代，企业之间的竞争逐步转向供应链之间的竞争。

The emphasis is on the study of three patterns, they are vertical cooperation, horizontal cooperation and competition, verticalhorizontal cooperation and competition.

按企业是否存在供求关系以及是否在同一市场上相互竞争等因素划分合作与竞争的类型，建立了合作与竞争关系研究的基本框架，并着重研究了纵向合作、横向合作竞争及纵横合作竞争三种模式。

Observed in the vertical direction it shows industrial chain structure and in the horizontal direction it shows competition and cooperation relationships between actors.

从纵向看，它表现为产业的链式结构；从横向看，它表现为不同行动者之间的竞争与合作，产业网络的演变过程与产业的形成和发展密不可分。

Although this horizontal intra-jurisdictional tax competition might be relatively less frequent than vertical arrangements or inter-jurisdictional competition, many existing and recently proposed tax arrangements can be analyzed in this framework.

虽然这种横向内部管辖的税收竞争可能会比较那么频繁超过纵向安排或跨辖区竞争中，不少现有的和最近提出的税务安排，可以分析，在此框架内。

Automatically according to input data to choose the minimum value of the largest longitudinal coordinates, according to the time the largest choice of horizontal coordinates of the minimum value.

详细说明：自动根据输入数据的最大最小值选择纵向坐标，根据时间最大最小值选择横向坐标。

Evaluation of three-dimensional surface roughness need to measure the three-dimensional coordinates of the points in the surface assessment region, the horizontal coordinates (x-coordinate), vertical coordinate (y-coordinate) and elevation data (z-coordinate).

三维表面粗糙度的评定需要测量出表面评定区域内各点的三维坐标，即横向坐标、纵向坐标和高度数据。

As to the effect on social welfare of vertical merger, like the ones of horizontal merger.

下游企业的纵向兼并提高了上游企业利润，但往往会降低其他未参与兼并的下游企业的利润。

The development of the shipbuilding industry in the Yangtze River Delta needs vertical supply chain collaboration and horizontal merger and reorganization .

长三角船舶产业发展需要实现纵向供应链协作和横向联合重组。

A vertical or horizontal bar containing a scroll thumb and nudge buttons.

一个纵向或横向的包含了卷轴和按钮的条状控件。

Then, how to hide only to hide the horizontal scroll bar, while the vertical scroll bar at the top?

然后，如何隐藏只隐藏横向滚动条，而纵向的滚动条位于顶端？

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。