纲领

The scientific and academic system of a group of when Lakatuosi thinks immanent structures that have rigor is scientific research program, any scientific theory are form by hard nucleus and bracer, develop and adjust of scientific program abide by the opposite to inspire law and front to inspire a law principle of two kinds of methodology, present the mode of dynamic development.

拉卡托斯认为的一组具有严密的内在结构的科学理论体系就是科学研究纲领，任何科学理论都是由硬核和保护带构成，科学纲领的发展和调整遵循反面启发法和正面启发法两种方法论原则，呈现动态发展的模式。

He has sponsored a revival of an essentialist programme in metaphysics that traces back to Aristotle and the Scholastics.

他发起了对形而上学中的本质主义纲领的复兴，这一纲领可以一直追溯到亚里士多德和经院哲学家。

It is embodied in the three research programs of modern physics:(1) According to the program of geometrization of physics, the essence of the Curved Space in gravitational field needs to be explicated by Riemannian geometry, differential geometry, tensor analysis;(2)According to the program of quantum field theory, the generation and annihilation operator can represen...

它分别体现在现代物理学的三大研究纲领中：(1)根据物理学的几何化纲领，引力场弯曲空间的奥秘需要通过黎曼几何、微分几何与张量分析来解读；(2)根据量子场论纲领，场理论的"产生和湮灭"算符，能方便而精确地表征和重构相关的微观作用机制；"场的本体论"和"生成辩证法"同时得到体现。

One must treat budding programmes leniently: programmes may take decades before they get off the ground and become empirically progressive.

必须宽厚地对待年轻地纲领：研究纲领可能需要几十年的时间才开始发展并成为经验上进步的纲领。

Lakatos'the principle of tolerance led to blurring of boundary line about progressive and deteriorative research program, mistiness of boundary line of reasonable and unreasonable research program. His standard of demarcation led to obscuring the boundary line of science and non science. His principle of theory of error made boundary line of right and wrong theory, ture and false theory blurred.

拉卡托斯的宽容原则导致进步的研究纲领和退步的研究纲领，合理的研究纲领和不合理的研究纲领之间的界线模糊；他的划界标准使科学与非科学之间的界线模糊；他的可错主义原则使正确的理论和错误的理论，真的理论和假的理论之间的界线模糊。

The core of the debate between Latour and Bloor on the Strong Program was the confrontation of Bloor\'s symmetry principle of Strong Program and Latour\'s second symmetry principle. The essential disagreement between their theories was whether to insist the subject-object schema, or to discard it. Each of them adopted his own criterion of metaphysics and the different criteria resulted in two different kinds of relativisms. Both sides fell into the same philosophical dilemma. The debate between the post-SSK represented by Latour and the SSK represented by Collins and Yearley intensively revealed their disagreement in interior social construction, manifested by the opposition between social realism and ontology of nature-society mixture, between the normative method and descriptive method, between signified view of science and practical view of science, respectively.It is necessary to trace and clarify the core concepts of Latour\'s "Actor-Network Theory" such as "actor","network","agent", etc.

关于拉图尔和布鲁尔之间关于强纲领的论战，其核心是布鲁尔强纲领的对称性原则与拉图尔的普遍对称性原则之间的争论，二人理论的本质不同在于坚持还是消解主体-客体模式，由于所持不同的形而上学标准导致了两种不同的相对主义，而争论双方陷入了相同的哲学困境；关于以拉图尔为代表的后科学知识社会学与柯林斯和耶尔莱为代表的科学知识社会学之争，集中体现了社会建构内部间在本体论、认识论、科学观上的分歧，分别表现为：社会实在论与自然—社会混合本体论的对立、规范主义进路与描述主义进路的对立、表征科学观与实践科学观之间的对立。

But all the research programmes I admire have one characteristic in common. They all predict novel facts, facts which had been either undreamt of, or have indeed been contradicted by previous or rival programmes.

但我所敬佩的所有纲领都与一个共同的特点，它们都预测了新颖的事实，这些事实要么是先前的纲领所梦想不到的，要么是实际上与先前的或竞争的纲领相矛盾。

But how can one distinguish a scientific or progressive programme from a pseudoscientific or degenerating one?

直到现在我还是在描述研究纲领是怎样的东西，但怎样才能区分科学的或进步的纲领与伪科学的或退化的纲领呢？

According to the content and evolvingcharacteristic of Labour's principle,the long evolution period ofLabour's programme has been divided into four different historical stage,(1)1900-1935,The Formation preiod of Labour's Programme,(2)1935-1951 The riping and utilizing phase,(3)1951-1979 Right-deviation period,(4)The period of compromising with the conservative party's theory.

主要根据纲领的内容和演变的特点，把90年来工党纲领的演进史分为四个不同的历史阶段：（1）1900-1935工党纲领的形成时期；（2）1935-1951工党纲领的成熟和运作时期；（3）1953-1979工党纲领的右倾时期；（4）1979-90年代，工党纲领同保守党的折衷时期。

It is embodied in the three research programs of modern physics:(1) According to the program of geometrization of physics, the essence of the Curved Space in gravitational field needs to be explicated by Riemannian geometry, differential geometry, tensor analysis;(2)According to the program of quantum field theory, the generation and annihilation operator can represen...

它分别体现在现代物理学的三大研究纲领中：(1)根据物理学的几何化纲领，引力场弯曲空间的奥秘需要通过黎曼几何、微分几何与张量分析来解读；(2)根据量子场论纲领，场理论的&产生和湮灭&算符，能方便而精确地表征和重构相关的微观作用机制；&场的本体论&和&生成辩证法&同时得到体现。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。